5.1 Africa — The Digital Palaver Tree

The Digital Palaver Tree: How Africa Invented Financial Inclusion and Algorithmic BiasIn every African village, there is a tree beneath which people gather to talk, listen, and decide together. The palaver tree. A patient democracy where decisions are binding only when all parties agree. No majority vote crushing the minority. An inclusive consensus.Ubuntu: "I am because we are." This philosophy guided Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu. And it contains, without knowing it, the principles of distributed systems and digital consensus protocols.On March 6, 2007, a Kenyan company launched M-Pesa — "M" for mobile, "Pesa" for money in Swahili. Sending and receiving money by simple mobile phone. In 2006, less than nineteen percent of Kenyans had access to a bank account. M-Pesa brought this figure to eighty percent. Before the West invented Apple Pay, Africa was already paying by mobile.Then came Ushahidi — "testimony" in Swahili. During the 2007 electoral violence, four technologists created in three days a citizen mapping platform. One hundred thousand deployments in one hundred sixty countries since.You will discover Rose Dieng-Kuntz, the first African woman admitted to Polytechnique, a pioneer of the semantic web. Timnit Gebru, who revealed that facial recognition systems erred up to thirty-five percent for dark-skinned women — versus less than one percent for white men. Mark Shuttleworth, who named Ubuntu Linux after the philosophy that had inspired him.Africa leaped across the technological abyss. It invented mobile financial inclusion before the rest of the world. And it posed the first questions about artificial intelligence biases.The palaver tree has become digital.