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C. And NPR. I'm Jack Abemron. I'm Robert Colwich.
This is Radio Lab, the podcast, and today. We're on a road trip in Escondido, California, which is close to San Diego. Regular suburban neighborhoods. Sprinklers, lawns.
Nice houses. Pretty ordinary. Except this might be him. You think that's him?
For David Holley. Hey, how are you? David is an ecologist and an evolutionary biologist from UC San Diego. So, yeah, he was standing in the street.
Oh, he's got the things. He's got the things. Holding what looked like some kind of hookup pipe. When we got out of the car, he walked us over to the side of the road near a driveway and pointed down.
You can see Argentin, the... The, uh, along the crew, here. This is a little guy, yeah. That's our sign up right there?
That is the Argentin. So, I'm just going to collect some Argentin from the side of the sidewalk. You are sweeping the surface of the dirt with your fingers. This is the little master here.
As soon as he scrapes about 100 ants just appear and start running in every direction. Yes, what we're seeing is just small numbers of workers that were probably in a leaf litter at the surface. This doesn't seem so small though. It looks like they're everywhere.
This is tiny. This is tiny. There's a lot of them. First hundreds, thousands of people.
You are wrecking up their day. Look at you. Now, the reason the three of us grown adults are now squatting on this little patch of dirt in somebody's front lawn is because, around ten years ago, David and colleagues discovered that this very spot at this particular driveway... And we're at 2-2-1-1-U-Golipus.
...in front of this house... ...was the edge of a vast empire. Right about this driveway. And that empire ends right at that one driveway.
2-2-1-U-Golipus. To demonstrate this, David takes this hookup thing he's carrying. So, there's a tube that you suck on that connects to a vial. He sticks the tube into the scrum.
Sucks up a few ants. He drops him into the vial. He just put one at one. And then he walked just to the other side of the driveway like 17 steps.
Sucked up some ants on that side. Here's a new guy. Plopped him into the same cup. And waited.
So, nobody seems to... So you've got these ants from different sides of the driveway in the same cup. And first, they don't seem to notice each other. Okay, so we're watching one guy, one...
...and then... Right away, wow. The two ants just lunge at each other. Oh my god.
They lock antennae in soon. They're in a ball. This isn't good. That is heavy-duty fighting.
They're like... They're like... They're like... They're rolling around.
One's got... Looks like it's got a hold of a leg and the other one's got a... Look at them. It's got a ten-a-rig.
It's also missing a couple legs. He's got the entire one side. Look at that. See one side of his legs are missing.
He's going around in circles because he has nowhere else to go. It's...no holds barred. Now here's the thing. What we saw in that cup between those two ants was a tiny version of what is happening all over the planet.
This one family... ...I mean, it's the one on the left of the driveway, not the right. It's way not only across huge chunks of America. They now control enormous swaths of the globe.
And how they pull this off... ...well, that's maybe more frightening than the fact that they've done it. Now we're going to get to all that, but first we have to go back to the mid-1800s to a little place in the northeastern corner of Argentina. That's right.
Have you ever been to this place? Oh yeah. Yeah, we've been there several times. Oh yeah.
Actually, on the first... That's Neil Sotsui. He's an evolutionary biologist and says, if you're an ant, this place is kind of special. Meaning hellish.
Because it's a place where two rivers come together. Yeah, it's this region in the floodplain between the real Pardiná and the real Uruguay. A lot of different kinds of ants live there in this little spot. And he says, when it rains...
...which it does there, all the time. The flood waters rise. And everybody's home gets flooded and you have to flee. The ants are forced up into the trees or any high ground.
That's the college's mark-muffet. And then as the water falls, all these different subgroups meet again, and they have to start battling from scratch. That's my land. That's my land.
That's my land. That's my land. They battle relentlessly. Because this place is always flooding.
And over time, eons of this, they simply simply do not know how to stop killing each other. So you've got this breeding ground for incredibly nasty ants there in Northern Argentina. All these different groups. All fighting and fighting.
More or less keeping each other in line. But one day... In the 1800s, a steamship rolls up to Seabuenosites, which is a big part of the mouth of these two rivers. A boat pulls up a ramp comes down and...
Somehow, a couple of ants from one of those Argentine ant families... ...are up the gangplank, probably, you know, within the first hour. You know, because they're always fleeing floods, so they're programmed to move. That's what they do.
They're moving into coffee bags. You can imagine they're moving into all kinds of things. And then the boat pulls out... ...and this family of ants leaves their war-torn halo-hole homeland.
Behind. Until eventually, sooner or later it was about to happen. 1891 is the first time they were seen there. They show up in...
...Norlens. And then, 1907, they leapfrogged all the way to California. They were simultaneously found in San Francisco and Los Angeles, I believe. How did they get to California?
Well, the Panama Canal was not open yet, so it seems likely they took the train. Wow. Now here's the thing about these ants. They make them different from all the other ants.
Because they grew up in this crazy blood-soaked floodplain of death... Their survival strategy was pretty simple. Kill everything. If it's not one of us, kill it.
No matter what. Other ants will have occasional sex with their ant groups, capture them and make them into slaves, adopt their children. These ants... ...don't fool around.
They don't have sex outside the group, they never take slaves, and if they catch your babies... ...they eat them. And it turns out there's a side benefit to being a cruel, segregationist, violent bastard. Because being that way allows these ants to stay pure.
Can't stay the same, genetically pure. Yeah, genetically pure. When they stay genetically pure, they can stay unified as a group. And when they do that, they can spread in ways the other ants just can't.
You see, ants you smell, like that's how they know who's in and who's out. First thing they do when they meet another ant is they sniffle, using their antenna. Something sort of like a tap, tap, tap, tap. They register odor to parallel to the nationality in humans.
As long as they sense that identity throughout the individuals they meet, they are happy. Now with most ants, as they spread over vast distances, they start to co-mingle with other ants, queens come and go. And inevitably that smell nationality dilutes, it begins to change. But with these Argentine ants, the smell doesn't change from queen to queen or from nest to nest.
They go way off, conquer totally new territory, build distant nests. All these different nests function as sort of a fluid network. They confuse and fission through time. For example, you might be nesting on the edge of a sidewalk and the sprinklers come on.
Everybody evacuates and all the queens and workers and babies get moved to higher ground and they fuse with a nest that's already existing at the higher ground. So all these Argentine ants living across the south and the US, they get along. And if you don't have to worry about each other and you've killed off everything else, they can focus their energy on producing more Argentine ants. And all you have to do is outnumber the enemy enough and you can wipe out anything.
Even an animal 5,000 times their size. Horned lizards are dropping an abundance out in California because the ants simply run all over them and they can never sleep. These lizards normally eat ants, but they simply can't grab these ants or too fast and too small. And so they're literally being killed by their own food.
To sum up, they're very nasty, very loyal, and they're extraordinarily numerous. Put those three things together and what you get is Genghis Khan in an ant. See the USA in your capital language. During the 1950s, this tight-knit, brutal family of ants starts to spread deeper into California.
Thanks in large part to all the new freeways. Now that it's spread faster and farther like say you put out a potted plant on your front porch, the ants move in. Over night, next day, pick up that plant and move it 100 miles away the next day. There they are.
In this new place, it's so far away from where they were yesterday. They can conquer that. And not only that, it is after all the 1950s and 1960s and you've got suburbs springing up all over America. Lots of lawns, lots of sprinklers.
They go on, off, off, off, off. Which, if you're an ant, is in many ways very similar to home. Fresh terrain that's been exposed by the receding floodwaters. Humans have modified the habitat in California in ways that Argentine ants really like.
So, the Argentine ants are happy. And most people don't even notice this happening. Until we get to the 1990s. In fact, in 1998, Neil, our entomologist friend and his colleague Andy Suarez, they're now studying Argentine ants around San Diego and may begin to wonder how far can a family like this and ants spread and still remain pure and still remain loyal to each other.
So, in the summer of that year, Neil and Andy hop into a car and they go on a little road trip. Starting in San Diego and heading north. They took a cup full of Argentine ants from San Diego and periodically they would stop, get out of the car, kneel down with their ant hookah pipes and suck up local ants who ever happened to be there and then pop those ants into the cup with the San Diego ant. Now, if the ants think they're part of the same colony, they won't fight.
That's right. So, we put an ant from Los Angeles, tap, tap, tap. They recognize San Diego ants as being members of the same colony. So, they know the colony extends at least from San Diego to Los Angeles, but they keep going.
We go up to Santa Barbara, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap. No aggression. No fight. To San Luis Obispo.
Tap, tap, tap, tap, tap. Same thing. They think they're all members of the same colony. Still no fight.
Up to San Francisco. Tap, tap, tap, tap. Same thing. And this continues.
All the way to a little town 100 miles north of San Francisco. And that site displayed no aggression towards the ants that we collected at the very beginning of our road trip. And that's 600 miles away in San Diego. Just think about that for a second.
Okay. Remember those ant hills you might have had in your front lawn and little mounds? Imagine one of those 600 miles wide, give or take, with trillions and trillions of ants in it. Scientists call this a super colony.
A large California super colony. And a scientist kept tracking this colony. They realized. These ants had hitchhiked far beyond California.
They're all over Europe. Europe's got the largest colony known. That's Australian ant scientist Melissa Thomas. In 2002, she worked with David Hallway to track just how far this one super colony has expanded.
Australia has some. Where you are? We've got some here in Perth. Yes.
And over in Melbourne and Sydney area. Up and down Spain. All around Italy. Around Greece.
Japan. Many Atlantic and Pacific islands. Hawaii, Easter Island. Places like that.
They've taken over much of Northern New Zealand. They've taken over parts of South Africa. These are always places that are occupied by the same family. Are they the same colony?
They think they're all members of the same colony. In fact, we imported Argentinans from Japan, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand. Europe brought them to UC Berkeley. And they put all of these ants from all these different places in the same cup.
Like we did on our road trip. Tap, tap, tap, tap, tap. And no fighting. You've got say an ant from Okinawa in Japan and an ant from Genoa in Italy.
They're 6,000 miles distant. Maybe 150 generations apart. And yet they still know each other. They still recognize each other as members of the same colony.
Because the smell that bonds them together hasn't changed. At some point in the past, you know, one colony in Argentina got picked up and moved around and spread and continued to spread and continued to spread. The descendants of those ants we have now across all continents except Antarctica. They still think they're all members of the same family.
So here you've got this monoculture, right? That's really violent on the edges. But then if you're on the inside and part of the group. Very, very peaceful.
And since there's only one other creature that can do this. They can create an allegiance across vast, vast spreads of Earth. I couldn't help but ask Neil. Do you ever analogize to human history when you look at these things?
It's tempting to, but I try not to because these sorts of situations are kind of a rush arc. You can see whatever you want to in them. And so, you know, for our Argentina research, we've had people say, look, the lesson from this is that we should all be like Argentinans and get along and cooperate and we'll succeed. But then on the other hand, I've had white supremacist websites cite my research and say, you know, this is evidence that their key to success is not mixing the races.
The unsettling part is that, at least in efficacy, like they're right, this has been a very successful formula for these ants. Well, if it lasts. Right. Which brings us to Jill.
What's your whole big name? Jill Shanahan. In 1995, Jill was working with Andy Suarez in San Diego, helping him map the ant empire. And one day, as part of her job, she found herself in a park in a housing complex just outside San Diego looking for Argentinans.
So do you find some? Yeah, I believe that there was a colony at the base of a tree. Now, before she left, she grabbed some Argentinans from the lab and these tree ants, they look exactly the same as her lab ants. They're pretty easy to identify.
Aren't you figured they would just meet the new ants and go sniff sniff sniff get along. They were ignoring each other. But when she plopped one of these tree ants into the cup with one of her lab ants. These guys were fighting.
One was more aggressive than the other and started biting the other one. And then they rappled each other and get into a tight little ball and just... And you're watching this. And no one has ever seen Argentinans fight before.
You're seeing something nobody's seen before. Did you have any sense that that was happening? No, I guess not. Which makes my Jill is now in the interior design field, but this is a big deal.
Because what it means is that another family of Argentinans had made it over from the old country. And brought that old fight to America. So, scientists like Melissa began to wonder, how big is this new empire? And where do the two meet?
Exactly. Our goal is to find where that territory met in nature. So, Melissa heads out with her standard ant gear, the hookah pipe thing to suck up the ants, the fight cup to plop them into. She do the fight cup test in all these different places in the area, trying to zero in on where that border might be.
I'd certainly sort of get closer and closer and closer and closer. And eventually she finds herself walking down the street in a normal subdivision in Escondido, she looks down and she sees it. This thick channel of death. Dead bodies.
Hundreds. Hundreds of thousands. Hundreds of thousands of dead bodies. And from all directions live ants were pouring into this area and fighting to the death.
Masses and masses of them fighting. Piles and piles of them killing each other. It's pretty extraordinary to see actually. There were times when we didn't even need to get out of the car to find the super colony boundary because you'd see the dead workers spilling over the curb.
Spilling? Spilling. Which brings us back to where we started with that driveway and David Holloway. Oh my god.
They're just like almost bouncing off the bottom. This then is the price of empire. These ants have conquered a huge portion of the globe. But every day they pay the price in bodies at the border.
This guy has lost all of it. He's only got limbs on one side now. And that price might be going up. The scientists have now figured out that several more families of Argentine ants have hitchhiked their way over.
This is what I expected. I think I'm going to die. Yeah, the ones that are really injured probably won't live too much longer. Oh my god, those two.
So in the end, this strategy of violence and intolerance seems to be pretty good until it meets itself. Or even worse, something better than itself. Oh my god, those two. When you shut the...
Oh, he'll take that three. Oh, but the other one. He's just going to another fight. Oh, look, look, look.
They're going into a circle. Oh, they're in the... The ball of death. Well, not quite.
They just... Big thanks to Douglas Smith for production help on this piece. Douglas, I'm Jada Bumran. I'm Robert Kroll, which takes you listening.
Hi, my name is Andrew Bennett. I'm sorry, I don't know if you... Hi, I'm Andrew Bennett. I'm originally from Melbourne, Florida.
Currently residing in Seamir of Cambodia. And I'm a video lab listener. Video lab is supported in part by the National Science Foundation and by the Alfred Keith Sloan Foundation. Enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world.
More information about Sloan at www.slow.org. Alright, thank you all. You guys all have a good day. Alright.
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