Carmel Cassar, *Mediterranean Jews, Crypto-Jews and the Inquisition in Early Modern Malta*. Msida, Malta: University of Malta Press, 2024.

In the early modern era, Malta served as a transitional hub for individuals traveling between western Christendom, Islamic North Africa, and the Near East. However, it primarily functioned as a Catholic frontier society, a status that the crusading Knights of Malta were keen to uphold. The establishment of a Roman Inquisition tribunal guaranteed that Catholic inhabitants of Malta and Gozo adhered to the doctrines of the Catholic Church; a standard that was enforced upon every baptized person.The Inquisition particularly focused on the Jewish community, as Judaism was viewed as a distorted version of the true Christian faith. Consequently, Jews were often regarded with suspicion, not solely for their beliefs, but for their rejection of Christ and their denial of Catholic teachings. These aspects were seen as the defining traits of Judaism.During the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, the number of Jews who passed through Malta was quite limited. Most were forcibly brought to Malta and subjected to slavery. A few were able to secure their release through ransom. Among those who remained enslaved, some opted to convert to Christianity in hopes of achieving a more bearable existence. Nevertheless, it proved to be extremely challenging for converts to hide their genuine beliefs, which frequently resulted in their exposure before the Inquisition tribunal.