Geography: 2 South-East England geology

South-East England geology Formation of the anticline (North and South Downs)A long time ago, layers of rock under the South East of England got pushed up into a big arch shape — this is called an anticline.Over millions of years, wind, rain, and rivers wore down the middle of the arch.What’s left are the North Downs and South Downs — two ridges of chalk hills with a lower area in the middle called the Weald.These hills were made mostly of chalk, which came from tiny sea creatures that lived when the area was under the sea.The shape of the land today shows how it was pushed up and then slowly worn away.Chalk escarpment – dip and scarp slopesA chalk escarpment is a hill with one steep side (called the scarp slope) and one gentle side (called the dip slope).These slopes were formed because the layers of chalk rock are tilted.You can see these shapes in the South Downs, especially in places like Devil’s Dyke.Water goes through chalk easily, so the steep slopes often have dry valleys — valleys without rivers.These chalk hills are good for walking, farming, and are part of the countryside we enjoy today.Chalk and clayChalk is a soft, white rock. It lets rainwater soak through it, so it’s called permeable.Clay is sticky and heavy. Water can’t pass through it, so it’s impermeable.Because of this, chalk areas stay dry, and clay areas can get muddy or waterlogged.People often build farms or villages on the edge between chalk and clay, where springs (natural water sources) come out of the ground.Chalk is good for grazing animals like sheep, while clay is better for growing crops or planting trees.