MH | Neurobiology and Psycho Pharmacology

The 20% That Matters Most: Must-Know Medications & Safety Red FlagsAntipsychotics (for Schizophrenia/Psychosis)Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS): Include acute dystonia (severe muscle cramping/spasms), akathisia (intense internal restlessness), and pseudoparkinsonism. Priority action: Treat immediately with anticholinergics like benztropine (Cogentin) or diphenhydramine.Tardive Dyskinesia (TD): Irreversible involuntary movements (e.g., lip-smacking, tongue thrusting) caused by long-term use. Priority: Prevention and monitoring using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale.Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS): A rare, fatal idiosyncratic reaction. Red Flags: Extreme muscle rigidity, high fever, and autonomic instability (unstable blood pressure). Priority action: Stop the drug immediately and provide supportive medical care.Clozapine (Clozaril): An atypical antipsychotic that causes agranulocytosis (a life-threatening drop in white blood cells). Priority: Mandatory weekly WBC monitoring; immediately evaluate any signs of infection, such as a sore throat or fever.Metabolic Syndrome: Atypical antipsychotics frequently cause severe weight gain, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, which significantly increases cardiovascular risk and causes poor medication adherence.Antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs)Suicide Risk: The highest risk occurs early in treatment. The medication increases the patient's energy levels before their depressed mood lifts, giving them the energy to carry out a suicide plan.MAOIs (e.g., Phenelzine): Interacts fatally with the amino acid tyramine. Red Flag: Ingesting aged cheeses, cured meats, or tap beer causes a life-threatening hypertensive crisis.Serotonin Syndrome: A fatal interaction (agitation, fever, tachycardia, rigidity) often caused by mixing SSRIs with MAOIs. One drug must completely clear the system before starting the other.Mood Stabilizers (Bipolar Disorder)Lithium: Has a very narrow therapeutic window (target ~1 mEq/L). Red Flag for Toxicity: Levels >1.5 mEq/L cause severe diarrhea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and lack of coordination. Toxic levels can quickly lead to renal failure, coma, or death.Anticonvulsants: Lamotrigine can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a life-threatening rash requiring hospitalization. Valproic Acid carries severe black-box warnings for hepatic failure and life-threatening pancreatitis.Anxiolytics, Stimulants & Substance AbuseBenzodiazepines (Anxiolytics): Potentiate GABA. Red Flags: Never mix with alcohol due to extreme CNS depression, and never discontinue abruptly because withdrawal can be fatal.Disulfiram (Antabuse): Deterrent for alcohol use. Causes severe vomiting, flushing, and severe hypotension if mixed with alcohol. Priority teaching: Avoid all hidden alcohol, including mouthwash, aftershave, and over-the-counter cough medicines.Stimulants (ADHD): Can cause anorexia and growth suppression. Priority teaching: Give doses after meals and schedule "drug holidays" (e.g., during summer vacation) to allow for normal growth and eating patterns.