History Off the Page

By the summer of 1933, Hitler had established a totalitarian dictatorship in Germany. He was, in Machiavelli's famous phrasing, "feared." But he also wanted to be "loved." This is the first of three episodes exploring how the Nazis popularized dictatorship in the mid-1930s, focusing on the issue of economic recovery. After more than three years of economic hardship (1929-1933), the Nazis helped two million people find work within a year of coming to power, and they took the German economy to full employment by the end of 1936. This episode helps explain how they did it, including discussions of the Autobahn, the Reinhardt programs, the marriage loan and a range of consumer items from Coca Cola to the Volksempfänger (people's radio). Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

By the summer of 1934, the Nazi Dictatorship was well established. Yet Hitler's control over Germany was not completely secure, due in part to rivalries between the boisterous SA and the German army. To cement his absolute control over German society, he needed to bring both to heel.This episode explores the "Night of the Long Knives," Hitler's bloody purge of the Nazi Party that took place in June 1934. It explores the positions of the three main actors in the drama - the SA, the Army and the SS, showing how their separate interests led to directly to the conflict. It also reflects on the meaning and consequences of this action, which cemented Hitler's absolute control over not only the German state and the Nazi Party, but also importantly the German Army.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

So far our podcast had provided a broad overview of the Nazi seizure of power. In today's episode, we look more closely at what this experience was like at the local level, focusing on the small German town of Northeim, an idyllic city of 10,000 people located in central Germany. Here, the Nazis grew from an otherwise unremarkable splinter party in 1928 to producing clear electoral majorities by 1932. The episode examines the secrets to the Nazis' meteoric rise at the local level, as well as the failures of the other local parties and institutions to respond to them (again with a focus of local events).Note: 1) there is a second Patreon-only episode detailing events after 1933, covering the transition to the Nazi dictatorship. 2) The episode draws heavily from William Sheridan Allen's The Nazi Seizure of Power: the Experience of a Single German Town, 1922-1945, which I highly recommend reading.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In our second episode on the topic of Gleichschaltung or the "coordination" of German civil society, we explore the responsibility individuals had in the process of conforming to Nazi ideology. Simply put, I argue that while the Nazis did use violence and terror to intimidate Germans into obedience, social forces including economic opportunism and the desire to be "left alone" also led people to submit willingly to totalitarianism. In particular, the episodes explores case studies such as Gustav Krupp (of Krupp industries), the history of German soccer and changing cultural practices such as greeting - each of which illustrates a major reason why people chose submission over their own personal freedom. Post script: for those interested in the topic, I highly recommend reading Andrew Stuart Bergerson, Ordinary Germans in Extraordinary Times (2004), which discusses greetings and other cultural ways of normalizing Nazism in greater detail.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

Many revolutions have resulted in the creation of a dictatorship, of the concentration of all political power in the hands of a single individual or party. But part of what makes the Nazi Revolution so terrifying is the way the Nazis simultaneously conquered civil society, nazifying all social and civic institutions in the span of just five months. This episode begins to walk readers through the process of Gleichschaltung or "coordination," which forced all institutions in Germany to nazify themselves or face dissolution. From the boy scouts, to the local Church choir, to your favorite soccer team, essentially all elements of public life began to promote Nazi ideals of politics and race, including the notion of complete submission to Hitler.In the end, the episode shows how the Nazis began to create a totalitarian society, convincing many otherwise hostile or apathetic Germans to adopt Nazi beliefs about submission to Hitler, anti-Semitism, eugenics and more.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

One of the hallmarks of a modern democracy is a belief in the importance of the rule of law. The state may be capable of using tremendous violence against its citizenry, but this power is curtailed by a series of rules and regulations that are both rational (i.e., the ability to arrest criminals) and written down so that people know what is allowed and what isn't. As part of their quest for total power, however, the Nazis tried to dispense with these traditional notions, selling the idea that the unrestricted use of violence was a better path towards creating order.This episode walks the listener through the ways in which the Nazis went 'beyond the law', setting up a system of violence that many Germans actually found reassuring. It focuses on several examples of this phenomenon, including the merger of state and civil institutions, the construction of the concentration camps and the use of protective custody to jail opponents without trial.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

There is perhaps no better symbol of Nazi barbarism than the concentration camp.  It was here that victims not only lost their political rights (freedom of movement, right to due process, etc.), but where they were often stripped of their very humanity through torture, murder and other sadistic acts.  The camps, one could say, became a sort of hell on earth.How did this happen?  As the episode reveals, the camps were not initially intended to function this way; indeed, they were supposed to be a temporary solution encountered in building the Nazi dictatorship (a way to terrorize the Nazis' political opponents). But a combination of mission creep and the need for cheap labor drove their exponential growth, starting in the mid-1930s.  With the outbreak of war in 1939 they became even more essential to the German economy, reaching a peak of about 700,000 inmates in Jan. 1945.This partial patreon preview contains the introduction and the section on Nazi architecture and its relation to camp expansion.  To hear the full story, which includes the initial construction of the camps in 1933, the institutionalization of camp practices under Theodore Eicke in the early 1930s, the role played by Himmler and Heydrich in renewing large scale arrests, the impact of World War II and finally the liberation of the camps from late 1944-mid-1945, check out our Patreon site where you can get full access to this and other episodes for as little as $2/month (patreon.com/historyoffthepage).  Finally, one piece of errata: around the 15:00 mark it sounds like I refer to "Ravensbrück" concentration camp as "Ravensburg."  Its proper name is of course the former, not the latter.  Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

On Jan. 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany. While this was certainly an important historical moment, it's worth noting that Hitler was not yet a dictator. He faced a number of legal and practical limitations on his power, and many contemporaries expected him to quickly fail. And yet, just five months later all other political parties - even those closely allied with the Nazis - no longer existed. This episode walks reader through the why and how of the story, discussing events such as the Reichstag Fire and the passage of the Enabling Act. At the same time, it also comments on the nature of dictatorship, tragically noting how so many individuals and organizations in German society traded belief in the rule of law for promises of security and a return to normality.  But as Benjamin Franklin once noted, "Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety."  As we'll see, many Germans would learn this lesson the hard way.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

On January 30, 1933, German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler as the country's new Chancellor, the third attempt in less than a year to create a stable German government.  The result of course was dictatorship, war and eventually genocide.  But was Hitler's appointment inevitable?   For as historians such as Henry Ashby Turner have argued, on the immediate eve of his appointment Hitler's Nazi Party was broke and its electoral support was waning.  Could Hindenburg have made other choices?This episode walks us through the complicated political intrigues of the summer and winter of 1932-33, showing how the actions of ambitious and short-sighted men paved the way for Hitler's rise to power.  At the center of the drama lie the politician Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher - men who viewed the political chaos of the early 1930s as a ladder for their own path to power.  Of course, like many characters from the HBO show Game of Thrones, their misunderstandings would prove fatal.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In October 1929, the New York stock market crash ushered in the Great Depression.  With their economy closely tied to the supply of cheap American capital, Germans felt the impact of the crash more acutely than most other nations.  Soon the country's economy was in ruins, with millions unemployed.  This episode charts the relationship between German politics and economic between 1929 and 1932, showing how economic suffering led to growing cynicism about the Weimar system.  In 1930 German President Paul von Hindenburg would move away from the parliamentary system, appointing his own man for the position. The episode concludes with a brief discussion of Heinrich Brüning's Chancellorship, pointing out some of the reasons he failed to lift the country out of the Great Depression. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In the spring of 1925, a newly free Adolf Hitler ordered his bodyguard/chauffeur Julius Schreck to create a new protection detail. Eventually known as the SS, its membership would fluctuate between 250 and 1000 men over the next four years. And yet, perhaps no institution in Nazi Germany strikes more fear into the hearts of modern listeners. This episode documents how the SS grew from an otherwise unremarkable Nazi formation into a sprawling empire that included effective control over the police, ran the concentration camp system and operated its own military units (known as Waffen SS). Among the topics covered are the early history of the formation, the roles of Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, the rivalries that enabled Himmler to become chief of German police by 1936, and the Röhm purge of 1934.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In the Reichstag elections of May 1928, the Nazi Party took home just 2.6% of the vote. Two years later they would explode onto the German political scene, taking 18.3% of the vote and becoming the second largest party in Germany. This episode uncovers the secrets to the Nazis electoral success, showcasing how new techniques and strategies helped distinguish them from their political rivals on both the left and the right. Topics covered include Joseph Goebbels and the use of violence; Heinrich Himmler and the development of saturation campaigns; the Nazi's use of new technologies like the radio and airplane for electioneering and more. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

When Adolf Hitler left prison in Dec. 1924, his Nazi Party lay in ruins.  Officially banned by the Bavarian government, he was also prohibited from public speech in many German states.  And yet, eight years later he would become Chancellor of Germany, head of the country's largest political party.  How did this happen?This episode begins to answer that question by looking at the rebuilding of the Nazi Party between 1925 and 1928.  In addition to discussing some of the key bureaucratic changes that prepared the party for exponential growth after 1928, it also explains how Hitler conquered potential party rivals such as Joseph Goebbels and Gregory Strasser.  In the end, it argues that this establishment of a dictatorship over the party played a key role in paving the way for Hitler's future domination of Germany.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

From Indiana Jones, to Captain America to Hellboy, the theme of Nazis and the Occult has long fascinated Hollywood.  But is there any truth behind these fictional representations? This partial Patreon preview explores the bizarre world of late 19th/early 20th century occultism, elucidating its tangential links to the birth and development of the Nazi Party.  As we'll see, Hitler was not "nuts" about the occult. But some prominent Nazis such as Rudolf Hess and Heinrich Himmler were at least occult "curious," and the occultist Thule Society did play a key role in the early development of the Nazi Party.  To hear the full story, which includes discussions of Mme. Blavatsky and Theosophy, Guido von List, Lanz von Liebenfels, Rudolf von Sebettendorff and the Thule Society, check out our Patreon site where you can get access to this and other episodes for as little as $2/month (patreon.com/historyoffthepage). Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In Nov 1918, Germans set out on a radical experiment: the building of a new, fully democratic state known as the Weimar Republic.  Unfortunately, of course, it didn't last.  But the question remains why?  And what should this tell us about the strength of our own democracies?This episode explores the foundation of the Weimar Republic, discussing some of its early successes and failures.  It highlights some of the initial problems encountered in the construction of Weimar democracy, including the split between the SPD and KPD, and the failure to win the loyalties of Germans who were not predisposed to favor democracy.  Topics covered include the transfer of power in Nov 1918, the early formation of the Republic, the Spartacist Rebellion, Hyperinflation and the Occupation of the Ruhr, Friedrich Ebert and Gustav Stresemann, and much more.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

At the time of its foundation in early 1919, the Nazi Party was a group of several dozen dilettantes who at first glance appeared to stand little chance of changing history.  And yet, by 1923 it had grown to over 50K members - enough to convince Hitler that they could seize control of Bavaria.  This episode explores the secrets to the Nazi Party's success, showing how they built a politically effective, modern mass movement.  Topics covered include why Hitler was such a convincing speaker, the "socialist" element of early Nazism, the pivotal role of the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the development of Nazi rituals of violence, and the Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 1923).  We'll also briefly introduce several key Nazi figures to the story, including Ernst Röhm, Julius Streicher, and Ernst "Putzi" Hanfstaengl.  Finally, the episode concludes by showing the failure of Weimar authorities to effectively deal with Hitler's treason.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

Adolf Hitler is one of the most notorious villains of history. But how did he become HITLER? This partial preview episode documents his early history, from his boyhood in Linz to his Bohemian wandering in Vienna to his exploits during the First World War. It tracks the origins of his political philosophy, showing how much of his political and anti-Semitic wakening occurred only after the Great War, when he participated in ideological training classes sponsored by the German army. Topics covered include Hitler's youth, Georg von Schönerer and the Pan-Germans, Karl Lueger and Christian Socialism, Richard Wagner, Gottfried Feder and more! Want the full episode?  Get access to this and other episodes at Patreon for as little as $2/month (patreon.com/historyoffthepage).Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

There are many places one could start a history of Nazi Germany, but we begin our series with the experience of the First World War.  From the heady August days when Germans were flush with the joy of expectant victory to war and revolution in 1918, the war refashioned and brutalized German politics.  Old authorities like the monarchy were discarded, to be replaced by a more wholesome form of politics that centered on the experiences of the front line soldier.   This episode demonstrates the ways in which the war provided a nurturing environment for the eventual growth of the Nazi Party, focusing in particular on the growth of right-wing Freikorps units in the immediate aftermath of the war.  Among other things, it discusses the German war experience, authors such as Ernst Jünger and Erich Maria Remarque, the November Revolution, the Spartacist rebellion, the Stahlhelm, the Kapp putsch and much more!Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

This episode - the first of 12 on the history of Nazi Germany - begins by asking the question if Nazis still matter in an age when so much of the post-World War II consensus (global institutions, free trade, collective defense) is being abandoned?  It highlights the role played in this process by figures such as Elon Musk, Tucker Carlson and the Alternativ fur Deutschland Party (AFD), who along with social media are rapidly reworking popular perceptions of the Nazi past.  It also provides answers to the main question, laying out three critical reasons we must remember what happened.  Finally, the episode concludes with a brief overview of the entire series. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

 Continuing our discussion of the 1967 Six-Day War, this episode discusses the outbreak of hostilities with Israeli Operation Focus on 5 June 1967. In addition to covering some operational details, we also sketch out the rest of the history of the war, including discussions of Egyptian and Israeli war planning and the evolution of events on the battlefield(s). The episode concludes with an epilogue about the way the war changed politics in the main combatant states, including Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Syria and Palestine. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In June 1967, tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors once again led to the outbreak of war.  This episodes examines the causes of the renewed violence, ranging from long term factors such as Nasser's Arab nationalism and the lack of a solution to the Palestinian refugee crisis to shorter term issues such as the evolution of regional politics, fights over water usage and Israeli reprisal attacks.  Topics covered include not Nasser and Egypt, but also the rise of the Ba'ath Party and Hafez al-Assad in Syria, the origins of the PLO, Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and Israel's deadly Samu raid (1966).Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

On the afternoon of October 29, 1856, Israeli forces launched a surprise attack into the Sinai peninsula, part of a coordinated plan with Britain and France for the European powers to retake possession of the Suez canal.  This episode covers the course of the war, as well as its legacy.  Topics covered include: the Cold War context and the run-up to war, British, French, Israeli and Egyptian strategic planning, global reactions, and the meaning of the war for Israelis, Palestinians and also Gamal Abdel Nasser.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

After eight years of a tense peace, war came suddenly again to the Middle East in October 1956.  This episode answers why, exploring the deeper history behind the building of the Suez Canal from 1859-69, the origins of British colonialism in the region and the rise of various anti-colonial Egyptian movements such as Wafd and the Muslim Brotherhood.  We also go into detail about the meteoric rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser, whose efforts to reshape Egyptian and Middle Eastern politics played a significant role in the crisis.  Finally, the episode also discusses the perspectives and motivations of Israeli, Palestinian, French and British political actors that led directly to war, including: Palestinian Fedayeen attacks, Ariel Sharon's notorious "Unit 101," Anthony Eden and Operation Musketeer and more. Note: this is the first of two episodes on Suez.  Our second episode will discuss the course of the war itself.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

By the late summer of 1949, the frozen battle lines between the Arab and Israeli armies led to the realization that Palestinian refugees would not soon be returning to their former homes.  This episode charts the fascinating and tragic story of the international response to the refugee crisis from 1949 to the mid-50s, including the creation of UNRWA in Dec. 1949.  In particular, it shows how UN thinkers approached the issue from an economic standpoint, believing that a massive program of economic development could integrate the refugees into neighboring communities and provide a permanent solution for their well-being.  As the episode shows, however, these efforts failed because they did not take into account the refugee's psychological needs, including their strong desire to eventually return home.  In the end Palestinians were not prepared to accept permanent exile in exchange for economic mobility. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In 1948 the Nakbah resulted in the flight and expulsion of more than 700,000 Palestinians. This episode chronicles their experiences, focusing on the way the refugee crisis unfolded in three geographical contexts: Gaza, Jordan and Lebanon. Among other things, it highlights some of the initial challenges and reactions encountered in trying provide humanitarian assistance to them, the effects the refugees had on the local communities and the ways in which the refugee experience evolved over the course of time.  Our next episode will discuss the international community's reactions to the refugee situation in greater detail.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In 1948, Palestinians suffered both dispossession and expulsion as a result of losing the civil war. But what became of the idea of the Palestinian nation? This episode explores the political and cultural fate of Palestinian nationalism in the 1950s, highlighting how and why in the postwar period Arab-controlled territory did not become an independent Palestinian state. At the same time, it also explores the ways in which the Nakbah paved the way for new expressions of Palestinian identity, helping to cement this sense of national belonging despite living in the Diaspora. The episode then ends with the death of the Jordanian king Abdullah I, whose efforts to subsume Palestinians into his Hashemite state became a pyrrhic victory. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In the second half of our installment on the building of the Israeli national community in the late 1940s and 1950s, we examine how Israelis paid for the massive expenses involved in resettling so many European and Middle Eastern Jews in the immediate aftermath of independence. We also discuss the fate of Palestinians living inside the new Israeli state, highlighting the discrimination they faced as outsiders in the Jewish state. Finally, we also discuss cultural efforts to develop a sense of Israeli nationality, ranging from what the State of Israel put on their money to the founding of the Israeli Holocaust museum Yad Vashem. Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode we return to the history of Israel/Palestine, looking at how Israelis built a national community in the late 1940s and early 1950s. As we'll see, this project was neither as straightforward nor as easy as Zionist ideology supposed, complicated by the influx of hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees from both Europe and the Middle East in the late 1940s/early 1950s. The first part of the episode looks at the construction of the nascent Israeli state, while the second half focuses on the challenges brought on by the immigrants, who were in dire need of shelter, food and jobs. Note: this is the first of two episodes on the subject, which were originally recorded together.jump links:Intro (0:51)Challenges of building a nation (2:40)Building the Israeli state (16:06)The challenge of immigration (32:08)Ma’abarot (49:12)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

This episodes recounts the downfall of the Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini.  Topics covered include his initial dismissal in July 1943 (9:01), the 46 days (35:13), the German plot to rescue and restore him (43:40) and the Republic of Salo and the partisan civil war (50:15).  The episode concludes with some final reflections on the failures of fascism (1:04:46).Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

This episodes examines the history of the Italian military under Benito Mussolini, shedding light on its oft-ignored contributions to the Axis war machine.  Among other things, it highlights the role Mussolini played in resisting Hitler before 1935 (11:00), a discussion of Italian colonialism (19:25), the fateful 1935 invasion of Ethiopia (29:07), the Italian role in World War II (53:12), the invasion of Egypt (1:03:52) and concludes with some observations about the dissonance between the rhetoric and reality of fascist power (1:15:10).  Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

 After being named Prime Minister in Oct 1922, Mussolini and the PNF's political prospects were bright. But they had not yet built a dictatorship. This episode examines how Mussolini dismantled Italian democracy once in power, highlighting some of the key cultural strategies the PNF used to amass power. Jump links: Intro (0:51)How to Build a Dictatorship (3:41)The Initial Fascist Government (15:33) Relations with the Church (25:03)Power through Language and Image (33:18)The 1934 World Cup (44:01)War on Law: the Acerbo Law (52:20)Italian Racism and Anti-Judaism (1:07:35)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

On the morning of May 15, 1948, Israel declared its official independence; simultaneously several neighboring Arab states launched an invasion designed to prevent the new state from coming into being. This episode explores the contours of the war, revealing why Israel emerged victorious.  It also points out the consequences that followed for all sides, including the refugee crisis. Finally, the episode also highlight the Arab role in what became the total partition of Palestine - laying the foundations of the modern Middle East.jump links:Intro (0:50)The Middle East context (4:06)Strengths and weaknesses (6:53)The War: part I (26:56)Bernadotte & the First Truce (58:30)The War: part II (1:07:07)The War: part III (1:18:08)consequences: the refugees (1:21:49)consequences: existential Israel (1:35:22)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode, we continue our discussion of the Nakba and the Israeli War of Independence, focusing on the critical period between March and May 1948 when Israeli forces went over to the offensive. This included not only the collapse of Palestinian resistance, but also the intentional expulsion of the majority of Arabs living in what would become the new Jewish state. The episode discusses the horrific massacre of Deir Yessin and the ethnic cleansing of cities like Haifa and Tiberias. As always we place these events in their proper historical context, showing the rationale behind them and how they laid the foundation for the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian conflict.Jump links:recap (2:26)"Plan Dalet" and ethnic cleansing (3:28)Operation Nachson (21:32)Deir Yassin (26:03)the cleansing of cities (35:28)some conclusions (42:14)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

This episode continues our discussion of the Nakba and the Israeli War of Independence, covering the initial phases of the civil war between Jews and Arabs in Palestine from November 1947 to March 1948. The episode highlights the ways in which sporadic acts of violence in the wake of the passage of the UN partition resolution created an inertia towards civil war, while also evaluating some of the strengths and weaknesses of both sides in the conflict. We'll also discuss some of the early massacres in the war, and learn how the notion of "retaliation" increasingly pushed the boundaries of what was thought of as acceptable acts of violence.Jump links:Intro (1:49)A failed transfer of power (2:38)Start of civil war (16:50)Strength of the two sides (30:02)Jewish operations and Balad al-Sheik (47:47)Palestinian operations (1:04:48)conclusion (1:09:01)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode we begin our discussion of the Nakba and the Israeli War of Independence - twin events that lie at the heart of so many of the political dynamics of the region today. On the one hand, 1948 marked the realization of the Zionist dream with the foundation of the first Jewish state in two millennia, marking an end to the cycle of Jewish oppression and refugee status. On the other hand, it also marked the shattering of Palestinian Arab society, including not only defeat in war, but also ethnic cleansing and the expulsion of some 700K-800K Palestinians from their homes. As we note in the episode, these are two sides of the same coin, and understanding how and why they happened is critical to resolving this long lasting crisis.This episode covers the period from Feb 1947 to the UN partition vote on Nov. 29, 1947.jump links:Intro (1:32)on ethnic cleansing (9:40)importance of context (16:40)the ethnic cleansing of MENA (25:55)consequences of the Nakba (32:29)a story of liberation (37:54)the partition (41:06)Jewish and Arab reactions (58:25)global reactions (1:05:25)conclusion (1:09:58)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

After a period of relative calm during World War II, the need to resettle Jewish survivors from the Holocaust once more inflamed tensions in Palestine - this time between Britain and the Zionists. In this episode we discusses the causes of the revolt, the Jewish insurgency, advances and failures in the Palestinian nationalist movement and the effect of the nascent Cold War on the conflict. Jump links:Intro (0:51)The historical context (2:01)The refugee crisis (9:38)Palestinian national growth (22:48)The Jewish Revolt (42:04)The Exodus '47 (1:02:56)The Cold War context (1:10:14)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode we explore the history of the region during the Second World War. On the one hand, this moment represented something of a pause in tensions between the British, Zionists and Arabs, as the three sides worked together to fend of the Axis threat. On the other, however, Nazi anti-Jewish propaganda, amplified by local collaborators such as Hajj Amin, spoke openly of genocide, poisoning relations between Jews and Arabs. As the Holocaust unfolded in Europe, British efforts to restrict Jewish immigration led many moderate Zionists to conclude that Jewish independence was the only path forward. Jump links: Intro (1:42)Background to World War II (12:02)World War II in the Middle East (19:56)Arab perceptions of World War II (26:53)Hajj Amin and ‘kill the Jews’ (44:08)Zionist perceptions of World II (1:07:19)Radical Zionists turns to terrorism (1:17:19)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode we explore the history of the Arab Revolt (1936-39), the first attempt to solve the political crisis in Palestine through armed, organized violence. As we'll see, the revolt proved to be a massive failure, badly damaging the Palestinian national cause. Topics covered in the episode include the story of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam - the intellectual founder of Hamas, Nazi efforts to spread anti-Judaism in the Middle East, tactical and strategic discussion about (Arab) insurgency and (British) pacification efforts, and the hidden Palestinian civil war. To jump to a particular topic click on the following links: Intro (0:50); Background (12:17); The Nazi role in the Revolt (15:48); Al-Qassam and Origins of ‘Armed Resistance’ (29:32); Part I: the General Strike (39:13);Intermission: the Peel Commission (58:07);Part II: Insurgency and Pacification (1:07:43);Part III: the Revolt as Palestinian Civil War (1:23:39);The Jewish Role in the Revolt/Night Squads (1:33:51);The End of the Revolt (1:43:50).Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode of our series on the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict we examine the period of the British Mandate, essentially the moment when the split between the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine began to become more permanent.  On the one hand, increased Jewish migration combined with the development of Jewish institutions like the Histradrut (labor union) and Haganah (defense organization) provided the basis for an independent Jewish state - eventually Israel.  On the other hand, Arab economic growth and political development made the case for accepting Jewish refugees less persuasive.  Further driving the two sides apart were periodic episodes of violence such as the Nebi Musa riots (1920) and the Waling Wall riots (1929).  In the end, these moments of violence and the general political inertia proved stronger than any of the attempts to bind the communities together in a single state.    Topics covered in the episode (with jump links) include: Intro (0:50); the Peace Process in Palestine (8:46); Complexities of Palestinian politics (14:11); emergence of Palestinian society (30:30); the 3rd and 4th Aliyot (37:53); emergence of a Jewish statelet (40:30); the League of Nations' Mandate (47:01); the Haganah (55:25); the Irgun, Etzel and Lechi; the Histradrut (1:15:20); missed chances (1:20:21); violence (1:25:32)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

This episode explores the history of Israel/Palestine during the First World War - a time when divisions between the local Jewish and Arab communities began to harden. On the one hand, both peoples suffered under the strain of the war and repression under the Ottoman governor Jamaal Pasha. On the other hand, the war brought together Zionist and British policy goals, culminating in official British support for a Jewish national homeland in Palestine (the Balfour declaration). Specific topics covered include (click on the number to jump to that section):Intro (0:50); Start of the war (1:59); Hussein of Mecca and the Arab Revolt (8:35); Chaim Weizmann and the Balfour Declaration (17:11); effect of the war on the local population (30:40); The Jewish Legion (50:56); consequences of the war for identity (1:04:16); postscript: Faisal, Greater Syria, and the origins of Jordan and Saudi Arabia (1:07:20); conclusion (1:116:19)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this second episode, we start to explore the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, starting with the initial wave of large-scale Jewish migrations in the early 1880s. The episode highlights the complexity of identities in the region, including the multi-faced relationships between Ottoman, Arab, Palestinian and Jewish/Muslim/ Christian belonging. We'll explore the critical role played by the Ottoman Empire in the story, including the passage of the 1858 Land Reform Act that lies at the heart of the conflict over the land. In the end, we'll see how the current friction between the two groups was not inevitable, but how historical forces set the two peoples of separate paths of national development in the years before World War I.To jump to a specific section:Intro (0:50); Ottoman Palestine and Identity (5:28); Origins of Zionism (36:30); Origins of Palestinian National Identity (52:39); Palestine in the 1880s (1:10:33); The First Aliyah (1:17:41); The Second Aliyah (1:26:31); the Kibbutz (1:40:20); modern Hebrew (1:42:00); Arab perceptions of Zionism (1:47:25); violence and the Jewish response (1:54:16); conclusion (2:06:26)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In this episode, the first of several on the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, we reflect on some of the dominant narratives being used to understand the current crisis in Israel/Palestine.  Topics include the complicated nature of politics and identity in the region, flaws in both the decolonization and anti-Semitism narratives, the lack of Palestinian agency and failures of Palestinian leadership, problems with Wilsonian notions of national rights to territory and much more. The perils of selective historical narratives (4:42)Complications of the conflict: other actors in the story (9:30)Varieties of Palestinian experience, politics and identity (16:43)Varieties of Israeli politics and identity (28:28)Problems with the anti-colonial narrative (37:32)A refugee story?  (1:02:28) Problems with the anti-Semitism/"Jew-hatred" narrative (1:07:43)The lack of Palestinian agency (1:18:15)Failures of Palestinian leadership (1:22:14)Dehumanization and social theory (1:31:02)Problems with Wilsonian notions of national territory (1:37:57)Israeli and Palestinian history: a mirror image? (1:45:22)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

A brief discussion of books to help you understand the causes of the current crisis in Ukraine.  Topics covered include: Intro & significance of the topic (0:50); Honorable mentions: Timothy Snyder (8:58); Anne Applebaum (15:02); #1 Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (17:39); #2 Gates of Europe: a History of Ukraine (24:16); #3 The Man Without a Face: the Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin (30:32).  To find links to these books and more check out our blog: https://historyoffthepage.com/3_books_ukraine/  and/or check out other episodes in our series on Modern European History including episodes on the causes of the war and the Soviet Union.Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

 Fascism.  The name has long been understood as the antithesis of  democratic society.  In this episode - the first of several exploring  the topic, we examine the rise of fascism in Italy in the early 1920s.   Topics covered include: the Intro (0:50), What is Fascism (14:58),  Italian Nation-building (25:39), Italy in World War I (32:32), Postwar  Italy (42:30), Gabriele D'Annunzio (1:05:48), Benito Mussolini  (1:14:36), the March on Rome (1:21:46). Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

Before 1900, few Europeans associated sexual preferences or desires with identity. One engaged in a variety of sexual acts with various partners, some licit (like your spouse in order to procreate), some illicit (outside of wedlock, a prostitute, someone of the same sex, etc.). But generally speaking the idea one was homo or heterosexual did not yet exist. How and why sexual preferences evolved into identities is the subject of this episode. Among other things, topics discussed include the politicization of sex and the body in the late 19th century (17:27), the Eulenberg Affair in 1907 and the role of scandal in driving identity awareness (19:58), the rise of sex researchers such as Magnus Hirschfeld (35:39), and postwar reactions to the new public face of homosexuality (46:15). Also see important clarifications at (5:21), or skip the intro here (0:50).Point of clarification: the episode describes trends taking place from about 1890-1930. Public displays of male homosexuality became increasingly prominent in urban centers after 1890, becoming more common after 1918. So like many of the modernity-related phenomena we've discussed, one can find traces of these developments that predate the war.find out more on our website www.historyoffthepage.com or support us on https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepageSupport the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

 Continuing on the theme of change and modernity, this episode focuses on the evolution of gender expectations across the beginning of the Twentieth Century. In particular the episode charts the emergence of the "New Woman," who began to behave in more masculine ways than her Victorian auntie: she was slender and athletic, was openly sexual, and lived for her own pleasure rather than the needs of her family. Most importantly, she also became a powerful consumer, frequenting department stores to buy things she wanted and to be attended to by men. The episode ends with a brief discussion of the fashion designer Coco Chanel, who in so many ways embodied this new ideal of femininity. Topics covered include: Intro (0:50), Victorian ideals of gender (17:12), the first feminists (26:36), the impact of the Great War (37:04), postwar political victories (51:27), woman as consumer (59:28), changes to marriage (1:06:44), and sexual behavior (1:14:57), and lastly Coco Chanel (1:24:37).find out more on our website www.historyoffthepage.com or support us on  https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepageSupport the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

After a nice summer History Off the Page returns for season 3!   This short update talks about future episodes in the upcoming season (1:03), ways to support the show (6:12), Spotify's new Q&A feature (8:27), book and movie recommendation "shorts" (9:10) and Instagram reels (10:39).links:Instagram: www.instagram.com/history_off_the_page/Patreon: patreon.com/historyoffthepage Twitter/X: @HistoryOTP Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/HistoryOffThePageSupport the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

In the first half of this episode (Part I) we discussed how new inventions like the airplane restored Europeans' faith in the power of science, rationality and more broadly European civilization.   In the second part of the episode, we explore similar trends related to the invention of the automobile and the radio.  Topics covered include: Intro (summary of previous episode) (0:50), meaning of the car (1:50), Benz, Daimler and the first cars (14:53), Henry Ford and the Model T (33:03), the meaning of radio (54:13), Hertz, Marconi and the invention of radio (57:39)Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

Living at the start of the digital age, it's not hard to imagine the ways in which new technologies lead to social change.  This episode charts perhaps the three most important inventions of the 20th century: cars, airplanes and radio.  For these devices not only opened new ways of doing things, they were proof in an age of cynicism of the power of science and rationality.  Thanks to technology, Europeans did the impossible.  In the episode, you'll hear about things like the first flight across the Atlantic, and find out why fliers such as Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart became such a global superstars. Also learn about the origins of modern automakers such as Ford, Fiat, BMW, Mercedes, Peugeot, Citroen, as well as the birth of commercial aviation. Topics covered include: Intro (on modernity and technology) (0:50), the meaning of flight (9:27), The first fliers (18:01), Lindbergh, Earhart and other heroic fliers (31:37), the rise of commercial air travel (45:21) .Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.

This episode continues our theme of the emergence of modernity in 1920s, focusing on the rise of the metropolis. As we'll see, the metropolis was more than just a big city, it meant experiencing mass society for the first time. For some, this was thrilling, as individuals enjoyed the glitz and glamour made possible by modern life. For others, it provoked deep anxieties about the future, as the individual disappeared into a sea of humanity. Topics covered include: the Dilemma of Life in the Big Apple (0:50); continued urbanization (14:42); Art Deco (21:31); Skyscrapers (27:14); Mass Transit (32:56); Crime (41:59); Fritz Lang's "M" (48:47); Georg Simmel (53:36); Advertising (1:02:29); The Department Store (1:15:46); Mass Entertainment (1:23:45); Dance Clubs (1:26:58) and movie "Metropolis" (1:32:58). Support the showFor more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com!   Or you can support the  show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.