The Doctor's Lounge

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryIn a special Tuesday episode, Anish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio sit down with Heather Tereshko, a Principal at Post & Schell in Philadelphia and a 25-year veteran of medical malpractice defense, to break down the largest medical malpractice verdict in Pennsylvania history — a $207 million judgment against the University of Pennsylvania stemming from a delayed C-section and resulting anoxic brain injury. Using the case as a launching pad, the three walk through how verdict slips are constructed, why Pennsylvania's "increased risk of harm" standard makes cases easier for plaintiffs to win, how EMR documentation gets weaponized against physicians on the stand, how life-care-plan and non-economic damages get inflated (including "anchoring" tactics like invoking Jalen Hurts's salary), and why juries so often disregard clinical guidelines in favor of narrative and sympathy. The conversation closes with a practical, if sobering, discussion of what physicians could realistically lobby for — tighter expert witness standards, damage caps, and organized legislative pressure — and why none of it is coming easily.Chapter Markers00:19 Special Tuesday episode and guest introduction: Heather Tereshko03:22 Heather's background in malpractice defense05:40 The $207M Penn verdict: how the case started09:20 Why this is a typical "bad baby" case11:49 EMR drop-downs and documentation gaps at the center of the case14:45 The cord blood dispute and the mechanism-of-injury fight16:01 Judge excludes key testimony on the blood draw18:33 Inside the verdict slip: factual cause vs. increased risk of harm25:50 Why "increased risk of harm" doesn't fit this case27:20 The "team theory" of liability and how the verdict sheet was structured31:39 Breaking down the $207M damages award33:06 The life expectancy fight: 29 years vs. 70 years36:20 Anchoring tactics and the Jalen Hurts salary comparison39:21 How contingency fees work in Pennsylvania42:04 "There's no winning": defensive medicine and no-win scenarios45:14 When health system interests diverge from the individual physician's46:25 Downstream effects: why community hospitals drop OB services47:39 No-fault alternatives: New Zealand and Florida's birth injury fund51:57 Expert witness accountability — or the lack of it55:58 Venue selection and how it reshaped Philadelphia verdicts59:04 Damage caps and why economic damages remain unbounded1:01:54 What physicians can realistically lobby for1:06:06 Closing thoughtsSubstack References (Dr. Anish Koka)Referenced during the episode — Anish's Substack posts on the Pennsylvania medical malpractice market and on the Penn ($207M) verdict:PA malpractice market / NAIC data post: https://anishkokamd.substack.com/p/pennsylvania-had-a-functioning-medicalPenn verdict case breakdown post: https://anishkokamd.substack.com/p/twelve-people-three-hours-a-207-millionCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryAnish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio sit down with Niklas Anzinger, a venture capitalist and founder of Infinita VC, to unpack Montana SB535 — a new law that lets doctors administer treatments to patients that have only cleared FDA phase one trials, through licensed "experimental treatment centers" overseen by independent review boards. The conversation covers why Eroom's Law has made drug development slower and more expensive despite scientific advances, how the Montana model differs from existing right-to-try and expanded access programs, the thorny question of who pays when a treatment sits outside FDA approval and insurance coverage, the risks of messy observational data replacing randomized controlled trials, and how Anzinger's work connects to special economic zones like Prospera in Honduras, where he's speaking to the hosts from.Chapter Markers00:22 Introducing Niklas Anzinger and his path from economics and VC to biotech policy03:05 Montana SB535 explained — right-to-try, but with a for-profit pathway06:01 Phase 1 vs phase 2 vs phase 3, and why bypass the later stages11:37 Does SB535 cover devices as well as drugs14:15 The semaglutide timeline as a case study in regulatory delay18:36 Federal right-to-try, the baby KJ case, and why it isn't enough23:25 The payment problem — how a non-FDA-approved treatment actually gets paid for33:11 What "smart regulation" would look like with carte blanche over the FDA48:31 Why Montana's biggest need right now is clinicians, not biotechs49:57 The practical burden on a private practice running these treatments53:32 Observational data vs. randomized trials — the risk of junk data59:15 Is this a domestic answer to China's faster phase one pathway1:04:22 Roatan, Prospera, and the case for special economic zones in medicine1:09:18 Closing thoughts and where to find Anzinger's Stranded Technologies podcastCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @DrDiGiorgioShow Handle@DRsLoungePodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePodMr. Niklas Anzinger on X: @NiklasAnzingerMr. Niklas Anzinger Podcast:Stranded Technologies podcast🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryAnthony DiGiorgio and Anish Koka sit down with Dr. Dan Donoho, an NIH-funded neurosurgeon-scientist at Children's National Hospital and George Washington University, and founder of the Surgical Data Science Collective and the Foundation for Digital Neurosurgery, for a wide-ranging conversation on AI in medicine. Donoho explains why surgeons get almost no structured feedback after a case, walks through a randomized controlled trial showing AI-coached medical students outperformed those coached by humans on simulated tumor resections, and argues that most regulatory "barriers" to deploying AI in healthcare are cultural rather than statutory. The conversation moves through the limits of tactile sensation in surgical AI, why he expects innovation to come from small agile practices rather than large insurance-pay hospitals, his family's data science lineage, humanoid robots performing laparoscopic surgery, the anti-data-center backlash, and ongoing surgical AI trials in Ethiopia and Tanzania.Chapter Markers00:16 Introduction and guest background01:16 The Surgical Data Science Collective and the problem of lost surgical knowledge03:26 How AI could replace the mentor's voice in a surgeon's head06:50 Tactile feedback and the limits of video-based AI in surgery08:47 The RCT: AI coaching vs. human coaching in medical students11:48 What's the gold standard for grading surgical performance14:42 Who validates the AI — the EKG problem and patient outcomes as the real judge17:19 Humanoid robots, self-driving cars, and low-hanging AI fruit in clinics20:27 Regulatory barriers to AI in EHRs — culture vs. statute22:09 Doctronic, AI prescribing, and licensure25:12 Where Dan's interest in data science started26:39 His father, statistician David Donoho, and the rise of empiricism28:09 The "don't go into medicine" narrative and why it's wrong30:26 COVID as a case study in bureaucratic drag on technology adoption33:27 Should the FDA regulate surgical AI products35:50 Andromeda Surgical, humanoid robots in the OR, and the cost gap38:27 The anti-data-center movement and the history of sabotage39:54 Global AI competition and China's Kimi K3 model42:41 How to measure whether an AI model is actually better44:34 Model size vs. training — why prompting changes performance45:46 What the surgical community currently measures, and why it's the wrong thing47:23 The Tanzania surgical AI trial and other real-world deployments49:03 What actually scares Dan about AI51:21 Will AI democratize power or concentrate it52:15 Closing questions — what's next, including the Ethiopia partnershipCo-Host Handle@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePodDr. Daniel Donoho Website & XWebsite: https://www.surgicalvideo.io/X: https://x.com/ddonoho🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryCardiothoracic surgeon Dr. George Tolis, chief of cardiothoracic surgery in Boston, returns to The Doctors Lounge with hosts Dr. Anish Koka and Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio for a wide-ranging conversation that opens with the newly proposed 2027 Medicare physician fee schedule and the budget-neutrality rule dating back to 1989 that forces cuts to one specialty to fund raises to another. The conversation moves into why true independent private practice has effectively disappeared, how hospital systems control physician hiring, firing, and pay regardless of what Medicare reimburses, and how locum tenens pay and device pricing expose the arbitrariness of professional fees. The back half of the episode turns to a widely discussed case of a cardiac valve implanted upside down in a young patient, with Tolis walking through how tunnel vision and ECMO can mask a never event for days, why he holds the surgeon fully accountable while condemning the social media pile-on that followed, and how palliative care should never be initiated without physician involvement. The episode closes on innovation in cardiac surgery — minimally invasive and robotic mitral repair, the Ross procedure, bilateral mammary artery use, valve selection, and how thirty-day outcome metrics quietly discourage surgeons from doing what's best for patients long-term — along with a candid discussion of industry money and conflicts of interest in medicine.Chapter Markers00:00 Welcome back, Dr. George Tolis01:09 The proposed 2027 physician fee schedule05:20 Budget neutrality since 1989 and the flat physician bucket10:09 Tolis: physicians are compensated less, not necessarily paid less16:41 Barriers to going private and the PSA model21:03 The painful transition to an independent physician ecosystem25:25 Locum tenens pay, valve pricing, and "it's all by design"33:51 The case: a valve placed upside down40:01 Tunnel vision, distraction, and 110% concentration in the OR50:45 Palliative care involvement and the organ-harvesting narrative55:50 Reader comments: minimally invasive mitral surgery pushback1:03:02 Competition, capitalism, and information asymmetry in medicine1:13:02 Bio AVR vs. mechanical valve in a 57-year-old1:15:28 Bilateral mammary arteries and the 30-day outcomes problem1:17:46 Prospective payment, DRGs, and device cost incentives1:25:08 Industry relationships and physician disclosures1:29:05 GLP-1s, honoraria, and what counts as conflict of interestCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgio Show Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePodDr. George Tolis's Previous Appearance on The Doctor's LoungeDr. Tolis first joined The Doctor's Lounge about two months ago. Watch that episode here:https://x.com/DRsLoungePod/status/2055619280855515141?s=20Dr. George Tolis on X@georgetolisjr🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDrs. Anish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio sit down with independent science writer Cremieux, the pseudonymous Substack author known for auditing primary data and calling out flawed research. The conversation ranges from FDA drug approval reform (Cremieux proposes a two-pathway system separating safety approval from insurer-facing efficacy approval), the divide between well-evidenced GLP-1s and unregulated peptides like BPC-157, and the HRT black-box warning controversy, to the Columbia and NYU admissions data leaks that made national news and implicated NYC mayor Zohran Mamdani. The back half digs into research methodology: why observational studies rarely replicate RCT findings, how Cremieux debunked a widely-cited Jonathan Haidt social media/cognition study, why the "administrator growth" chart doctors love to cite is likely exaggerated, and how publication bias correction methods work.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction and guest background02:00 Why the pseudonym "Cremieux"03:11 How he got into primary data analysis and writing04:46 FDA drug approval reform — a two-pathway proposal05:57 The peptide market: GLP-1s vs. unproven peptides like BPC-15709:39 Should drug authority come from the FDA or "bubble up" from trusted voices?11:25 Regulatory capture and ideas for FDA reform16:10 HRT, the black box warning, and communicating risk to patients21:40 Decentralizing medical decision-making22:45 DEI in medicine and the Columbia/NYU admissions data leak34:28 Proving discrimination: causal inference standards for university admissions36:42 Busting myths from observational studies with multiverse analysis40:29 Debunking the Jonathan Haidt social media/cognition study46:46 Does the US healthcare system explain lower life expectancy?49:56 Is the administrator-to-physician growth chart accurate?54:22 How publication bias correction methods workCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePodMr. Jordan Lasker X Handle / SubstackX handle: https://x.com/cremieuxrecueilSubstack: https://substack.com/@cremieux🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryAnish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio sit down with Scott Becker, founder of Becker's Healthcare and partner at McGuireWoods, on the business of medicine — his path from healthcare lawyer to media mogul, the real story behind physician supply shortages, why private enterprise (not government) is driving healthcare's real progress, and the debate over breaking up consolidated hospital systems.Chapter Markers00:00 Welcome and introducing Scott Becker01:22 Origin story: building Becker's Healthcare09:53 The "teach and entertain" media philosophy14:57 Law school with Barack Obama16:57 Physician supply and the ACA's coverage-without-supply gap19:48 Healthcare inflation and third-party payment24:41 Is there really a spine surgeon shortage?37:10 Physician burnout, autonomy, and leaving clinical medicine41:08 Reagan, Mamdani, and government vs. private healthcare46:00 Pushing back: is "nothing we can do" a real answer?48:30 340B reform, site-neutral payments, hospital margins53:41 Lina Khan, Mark Cuban, and health system consolidation57:18 Can private industry absorb hospital revenue losses?1:04:47 Payers as the real customer, price transparency1:06:16 Keeping Becker's Healthcare editorially independent1:13:44 Closing thoughts and the new bookCo-Host Handle@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePodResource: Dr. Scott Becker Book:Building Great Businesses: Create Momentum, Overcome Setbacks, and Scale with Confidence — Scott Becker & Molly Gamble https://www.amazon.com/Building-Great-Businesses-Momentum-Confidence/dp/1637635400Becker's Healthcare: https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/Scott Becker on X: @becker_sbeckerBecker's Healthcare Show Handle: @BeckersHR🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryAnish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio sit down with Martin Shkreli — the former hedge fund manager and pharma executive best known for the 2015 Daraprim price increase and his subsequent prison sentence — for a wide-ranging conversation on drug pricing, patent law, and the state of the pharmaceutical industry. Shkreli walks through his path from a teenage hedge fund intern to founding Retrophin and Turing Pharmaceuticals, defends orphan drug economics and the Orphan Drug Act's seven-year exclusivity window, and argues that patent terms haven't kept pace with the realities of modern drug development. The conversation turns to the Chemocentrics/Amgen scandal — in which trial data for a rare vasculitis drug was allegedly unblinded, manipulated, and relocked to manufacture statistical significance — which Shkreli calls one of the worst frauds in the history of medicine. The episode closes with discussion of the Sarepta/DMD approval controversy, the limits of randomized trials in surgery and rare disease, AI's parallels to neuroscience, and the state of media coverage of the FDA.Chapter Markers00:00 Intro and Martin Shkreli's backstory02:40 Origin story: from hedge fund to founding drug companies07:58 The Daraprim price increase and Shkreli's pricing philosophy17:14 What it actually takes to bring a drug to market35:25 The case for the pharmaceutical industry38:00 The Orphan Drug Act and patent exclusivity57:31 The Chemocentrics scandal: manipulated trial data at Amgen1:22:09 Vinay Prasad, Sarepta, and the DMD approval fights1:34:35 Neurosurgery, clinical trials, and the limits of RCTs1:37:30 AI, neural networks, and the future of psychiatric drugs1:40:40 Cardiovascular disease and LDL lowering1:42:28 Media coverage of the FDA and closing thoughtsCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handles@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Stanley Goldfarb — nephrologist, former Associate Dean for Curriculum at Penn's Perelman School of Medicine, and founder of Do No Harm — joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio to trace how medical education drifted from clinical science toward social activism. Goldfarb recounts the battles at Penn that led to his 2019 WSJ op-ed, the professional fallout that followed, and why he built Do No Harm into a 54,000-member organization with an active litigation strategy. The conversation covers DEI in admissions, implicit bias training, gender-affirming care in minors, nonprofit hospital tax exemption, and what it actually takes to change entrenched institutions through legislation and the courts.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction — Dr. Stanley Goldfarb01:37 The 2019 Wall Street Journal op-ed12:57 The tweet that ended his relationship with Penn and UpToDate17:04 What 550 FOIA requests revealed about who's driving DEI in academia21:01 Is there a case for modernizing the medical curriculum?27:29 How students gained control of the agenda32:10 How admissions committees began selecting for activists36:34 The two missions of Do No Harm47:18 Nonprofit hospital tax exemption and ideological spending53:44 The constitutional framework1:07:19 Do demographic quotas ever make sense?1:09:31 Closing — how to get involved with Do No HarmResourcesBooksDoing Great Harm (2025) — Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Doing-Great-Harm-Infecting-Healthcare_and/dp/B0FD3ZP9WNTake Two Aspirin and Call Me By My Pronouns (2022) — Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Take+Two+Aspirin+Call+Me+By+My+Pronouns+GoldfarbArticles & Op-Eds2019 WSJ op-ed: https://www.wsj.com/articles/take-two-aspirin-and-call-me-by-my-pronouns-11568325291City Journal archive: https://www.city-journal.org/person/stanley-goldfarbDo No Harm: https://donoharmmedicine.orgFollow Dr. GoldfarbX: https://x.com/donoharm?lang=enCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Tracy Beth Høeg returns alongside Dr. Venkatesh Murthy, NIH-funded cardiologist at the University of Michigan, to dissect the Senator Ron Johnson congressional memo detailing pediatric deaths following COVID-19 vaccination — deaths the FDA's own pharmacovigilance team flagged internally but never disclosed publicly. The conversation covers the well-documented double standard applied to COVID myocarditis versus vaccine myocarditis, how journal editors killed papers not for scientific flaws but out of fear of social media backlash, why Korea's autopsy data revealed fatal cases that would never have been identified otherwise, the post-marketing commitment failures by Pfizer and Moderna, and what it means that we are still annually approving a vaccine with no randomized controlled trial evidence of clinical benefit in the current immune landscape.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction: Why Dr. Høeg Is Back and What the Ron Johnson Memo Reveals02:03 How Vaccine Myocarditis First Surfaced: Israel, the U.S. Military, and Early Warning Signs05:36 Dr. Murthy on the Biology: Why the mRNA Vaccine Produced Cardiac Inflammation in a Different Population Than Expected10:36 The Puntmann Paper: Statistical Problems, Confounding, and the Push to Close Schools and Cancel Sports13:58 The Double Standard in Real Time: Subclinical MRI Findings vs. Kids Presenting With Chest Pain16:26 Risk-Benefit Mismatch: Vaccine Myocarditis in Young Males vs. Genuine COVID Risk in That Population21:05 Dr. Høeg's VAERS Analysis: Rates of One in Five Thousand, What the FDA's Own Data Showed, and the Paper That Almost Never Ran24:03 Dr. Murthy Reveals: He Was a Reviewer for a Journal That Killed This Paper for Political Reasons28:23 Inconsistency of Vaccine Skeptics: Who Was Questioning the Trials Before Election Day35:52 Korea's Autopsy Program and Why the U.S. Has No Comparable Surveillance System40:21 The Chikungunya Vaccine Withdrawal: One Death, One Action — and the Contrast With COVID42:34 Inside the FDA: The OBPV Memo, the 10 Probable/Possible Deaths in Children, and What Happened Next53:30 Senator Johnson's Subpoena and Why the Number Dropped from 10 to 758:20 Causal Attribution Double Standard: COVID Deaths vs. Vaccine Deaths1:20:59 Should the COVID Vaccine Still Be Approved? Dr. Høeg on the Absence of Clinical Efficacy Evidence1:23:31 The CDC-Blocked Study, Healthy Vaccinee Bias, and the Limits of Observational Data1:28:08 What FDA Approval Actually Means — and What It Should MeanCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryInvestigative journalist David Zweig joins Anish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio to discuss his book An Abundance of Caution: American Schools, The Virus, and a Story of Bad Decisions — a heavily cited account of how public health authorities, the media, and a politically homogenous expert class got COVID policy badly wrong, especially for children. The conversation covers why U.S. media coverage was uniquely alarmist compared to the rest of the world, how Americans overestimated child COVID mortality by as much as 40 times, the role of "technological solutionism" in making school closures possible when they never would have been before, and what it would actually take to rebuild public trust in institutions that squandered it. The episode opens with a discussion of MidJourney's foray into medical imaging and what it reveals about AI hype cycles in medicine.Resource:David's Book: https://www.amazon.com/Abundance-Caution-American-Schools-Decisions/dp/0262053993Chapter Markers00:00 Welcome and intro: David Zweig01:14 MidJourney enters medical imaging — hype or breakthrough?05:35 Incidentalomas, cash-pay scanning, and who bears the cost08:55 Ultrasound physics and why AI won't replace radiologists yet14:00 Transition to the book: An Abundance of Caution17:00 The Twitter Files and Zweig's COVID journalism23:00 Political monoculture in public health and legacy media41:43 Sweden, BLM protests, and the shifting COVID rules43:06 The empirics on children: what the data actually showed50:29 American media's uniquely alarmist pandemic coverage56:31 Living in a deep blue area: why data couldn't penetrate the narrative58:18 Anthony's ICU story and the Gellman Amnesia moment59:50 How do we rebuild trust in public health?1:08:28 Technological solutionism: why school closures were impossible before Zoom1:10:07 1950s flu epidemics — schools stayed open with 50% of kids out sick1:25:20 Newsroom monoculture, book publishing, and the conservative imprint problem1:28:08 Reforming institutions vs. questioning their foundations1:36:39 Wrap-up: the pandemic as a case study in how society functionsCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryRyan Long — former senior policy advisor to Speaker Kevin McCarthy and current non-resident senior scholar at the USC Schaefer Institute — joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio for a deep dive into the structural failures driving American drug pricing. The conversation covers the list-to-net price bubble and why patients pay cost-sharing on a fictitious number, how the IRA's price-setting mechanism disincentivizes both new drug development and subsequent indications, and why the 340B program — sold politically as a lifeline for safety net hospitals — systematically funnels the most money to wealthy health systems with high commercial payer mixes. Long argues the fix isn't tweaking the formula; it's scrapping the drug arbitrage mechanism entirely and replacing it with a direct, transparent grant program that actually reaches the hospitals that need it.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction — Ryan Long's 25 Years in Health Policy02:08 Drug Pricing 101: List Price vs. Net Price and Why It Matters06:39 GLP-1s as a Case Study: Insurance Pullback and the Price War That Followed11:17 The Medicare Bridge Program and Government Price Setting for GLP-1s14:11 Why Drug Companies Set List Prices High at Launch16:10 The Inflation Reduction Act: Price Controls, Rebate Penalties, and Innovation Risk20:57 Brand-to-Brand Competition and the FDA's Role28:52 GLP-1s Under Medicare: Is the $50/Month Bridge Program Good Policy?36:50 The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and the Best Price Provision38:08 The Origins of 340B: What the Program Was Actually Designed to Do42:24 Qui Bono — How 340B Revenue Is Really Generated50:17 Contract Pharmacies and the For-Profit Middlemen in 340B56:31 The Humira Biosimilar Case and the Rebate Trap1:02:58 The 1987 Supreme Court Case That Supercharged the Rebate Structure1:05:26 Broad Reform Proposals: From 340B Overhaul to Consolidation1:09:19 Closing Thoughts and Where to Find Ryan's WorkCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Episode SummaryThis week, Drs. DiGiorgio and Koka are joined by returning guest Dr. Sanat Dixit and special guest Dr. Sanjay Dhall, chief of neurosurgery at Harbor-UCLA and a leading spinal cord injury researcher. Dr. Dhall traces his path from a "commando shift" in a Houston trauma bay as a pre-med student to running solo trauma call at Grady Hospital as a young attending, then discusses the strange reality of his current institution: a major county hospital that doesn't bill professional fees or for implants, leaving millions on the table. The conversation moves through hospital alignment under for-profit versus non-profit models, the Christopher Duntsch case and what it reveals about resident training and the GME system, Dr. Dhall's controversial Wall Street Journal letter on NIH indirect costs, and a guideline fight over early surgery for spinal cord injury that got him removed from a neurosurgery executive committee. The episode closes with a wide-ranging discussion on AI and robotics in surgery — what they might realistically take off physicians' plates, and what they almost certainly can't replace.Chapter Markers00:00 Welcome and introducing Dr. Sanjay Dhall01:49 From a Houston "commando shift" to a trauma bug05:10 Running Grady's trauma service solo as the only neurosurgeon09:25 The unsupervised resident era and its billing aftershocks14:03 Harbor-UCLA doesn't bill for neurosurgery profies — or implants19:44 How county hospitals account for six-figure implant write-offs24:30 Fiduciary duty, taxpayers, and the case for billing aggressively28:00 Drug rep economics at county hospitals31:10 Comparing Cleveland Clinic, Mayo, and the county model34:29 The "color-coded sticker" idea and the bureaucratic mindset37:59 For-profit alignment vs. "non-profits functioning as for-profits"43:24 The Devi Shetty suture story and physician-driven cost control44:13 Physician ownership, conflicts of interest, and carve-out hospitals46:00 Jefferson's neuro hospital and the private anesthesia advantage48:45 The Christopher Duntsch case and a failure of training oversight52:10 How does an incompetent surgeon make it through residency?56:04 Troubled personalities in neurosurgery training1:00:04 Work-hour restrictions and the self-selection of old-school neurosurgery1:02:29 Is dissent tolerated in academic medicine anymore?1:06:31 Inside NIH indirect costs — where 40-60% of grant money goes1:10:19 The spinal cord injury guideline fight and getting removed from committee1:13:44 Burnout, call coverage, and the safety net argument1:20:27 Will robots ever do neurosurgery?1:23:11 AI for administrative burden vs. AI in the OR1:28:34 The pilot analogy, a ruptured aneurysm story, and the limits of automationCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Tracy Høeg — physician, epidemiologist, and former Acting Director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research — joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio for her first interview since being fired from the agency in May 2025. She traces her unusual path from ophthalmology dropout to professional ultramarathoner to one of the most consequential and contested researchers of the COVID era, walking through her school transmission studies, the myocarditis preprint that detonated on social media, and what she actually found when she got inside the FDA: career scientists who were sharp, collegial, and largely aligned with her — not the entrenched bureaucratic resistance she expected. She also gives the most detailed account yet of how her firing went down, why she refused to resign, and what she thinks it signals about pharmaceutical industry influence over the agency.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction and Tracy's bio02:19 Origin story: French major, med school, ophthalmology dropout07:42 Seven years in Denmark: PhD, clinical work, ultra marathon racing10:55 Back to the US: PM&R, interventional spine, and the start of COVID research13:43 Funding research outside the NIH pipeline17:18 How government funding crowds out independent science20:59 Evidence-based medicine, spine, and the N-of-one problem25:35 The Wisconsin school transmission study28:32 If masks were a drug, would they pass FDA approval?30:04 Testifying before Congress three times32:46 The myocarditis preprint: origins, backlash, and vindication38:34 Post-vaccine myocarditis: what the data actually showed43:01 Regulatory failure, COVID vaccine risk-benefit, and the pediatric question45:09 How Europe and Scandinavia got it right earlier47:58 Cancel culture in academia and the chilling effect on scientific questions51:18 Joining the FDA: how it happened and what she expected53:50 What the FDA looks like from the inside vs. the outside56:38 Where real philosophical disagreements lived within the agency58:58 Reducing animal testing and CNPV pilot: what actually got done1:01:45 Leaks to the media: where they came from and what they meant1:05:17 What the FDA's role should be1:06:23 Pharmaceutical industry influence and the Wall Street Journal editorial board1:14:48 The firing: why she refused to resign1:18:53 The chain of command and who is responsible1:21:08 What the firing signals about FDA reform1:27:42 Advice for anyone thinking about taking a leadership role in governmentCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodResource link: Anish's substack: https://open.substack.com/pub/anishkokamd/p/they-were-fixing-the-fda-then-they?r=6chj5&utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&utm_medium=webSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Noah Kaufman - board-certified emergency physician with 20 years in the ER, seven seasons on American Ninja Warrior, and a new direct acute care practice in Denver - joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio to talk about why he walked away from the employed medicine model and built Cough Care, a cash-pay, fully transparent urgent care. The conversation covers the broken economics of emergency billing, why most urgent care is a race to the bottom, how price signals change both patient and physician behavior, and what a parallel direct care system could look like at scale -including the franchise model Kaufman is already planning.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction — Meet Dr. Noah Kaufman02:12 What led to leaving the ER after 20 years04:53 Becoming the patient — the moment everything clicked09:33 What is Cough Care and where it sits between urgent care and the ER13:54 Why he doesn't take insurance16:30 How ER billing actually works — the 2.6 cm laceration rule19:49 Can urgent care be shopped? The free market argument21:17 One month in — what he's actually seeing41:00 Does cost-consciousness lead to undertreating?43:39 The culture of over-treatment and the evidence behind it45:48 Longevity, peptides, and the gray market54:25 Patient autonomy vs. clinical responsibility1:01:36 What happens if every burned-out ER doc does this?1:07:33 The franchise vision — scaling direct acute care nationwideCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Greg Katz, preventive cardiologist at NYU Langone and co-host of Beyond Journal Club, joins Anish to dissect the online cholesterol debate — specifically the claims made by science communicator Nick Norwitz, who has maintained an LDL over 500 mg/dL on a low-carb diet for seven years with no coronary plaque on CTA. Katz takes the data point seriously, walks through the limitations of coronary CTA and the flawed Keto CTA study, and explains why he still believes the burden of proof lies with those arguing diet-induced hypercholesterolemia is safe — while acknowledging where the cardiology establishment, including the new lipid guidelines, overcorrects. The conversation covers the accountability gap between clinicians and content creators, the failure of risk calculators in young patients, and what a well-designed trial to actually answer this question would look like.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction — Dr. Greg Katz, NYU Langone cardiologist and Beyond Journal Club co-host01:40 What prompted the Substack: patients bringing in Nick Norwitz's content02:51 Who is Nick Norwitz — LDL of 500, low-carb diet, and the clean CTA05:38 Why Katz takes the question seriously but disagrees with the framing08:01 Familial hypercholesterolemia outliers: why some FH patients never have events10:05 The 50/50 problem — half of high-cholesterol patients have heart disease, half don't12:27 The Jody Plute story: homozygous FH, Thomas Starzl, and the portacaval shunt experiments17:37 Seven years of LDL 500 — is that long enough to know anything?18:21 Limitations of coronary CTA: what it can and can't see21:00 Why LDL gets put on a pedestal — and the cognitive dissonance of a diet that works22:05 The conflict of interest argument — and why it cuts both ways25:43 Burden of proof: mechanisms vs. outcomes data27:16 Statins and GLP-1 levels — why a mechanistic claim isn't the same as a clinical outcome31:38 Physician accountability vs. content creator accountability35:24 The Keto CTA study: what it found, what it didn't, and why the blinding controversy matters44:40 The new lipid guidelines: where they overcomplicate, where they overprescribe49:38 GLP-1 deficiency framing and the over-medicalization of well people55:54 Longevity medicine as "over-medicalization of well people"57:35 What a well-designed trial would actually look like1:00:01 Why the debate needs real research, not conjecture1:02:37 How Katz talks to statin-hesitant patients in clinic1:07:06 WrapCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Anil Makam — hospitalist, health services researcher at UCSF, and faculty at Zuckerberg San Francisco General — joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio for a wide-ranging conversation on the hidden mechanics of American healthcare. Makam breaks down long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs): what they're for, how regional variation and perverse payment incentives have distorted their use, and what the 2016 site-neutral payment reforms actually did to the market. The conversation then shifts to Makam's research on clinical practice guidelines — specifically his 2018 study showing that the majority of ATS recommendations were grounded in low-quality evidence, many carrying strong designations anyway — and what that means for how clinicians should read and apply guidelines at the bedside. The episode closes on the FDA, indication creep, the limits of central planning in quality measurement, and what it actually means to be a good doctor in a system where you can't buy your way to better medicine.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction — Dr. Anil Makam, UCSF hospitalist and health services researcher02:09 What is an LTACH? Origins, optimal use cases, and the vent-weaning niche08:09 How clinical practice led Makam to study LTACH utilization10:08 Geographic variation in LTACH use — decomposing what drives it14:16 Post-acute care economics: DRGs, payment systems, and perverse incentives19:11 Medicare Advantage denial rates and the two-tier access problem23:06 Market access vs. total closures: what the 100 LTACH closures actually mean24:04 Short-stay outlier rules and the "magical recovery" at the payment threshold26:07 Site-neutral payment reform and its effects on the LTACH market31:51 Moving to guidelines: evidence vs. recommendations33:38 The ATS guidelines study — what they found and the Twitter fallout39:34 How to practice when most of what we do lacks strong evidence43:38 Why guidelines are getting more confident on less evidence47:10 The generalist vs. specialist lens on evidence appraisal53:47 How do you measure what makes a doctor good?56:41 Three buckets of physician quality: technical, relational, cognitive01:00:06 Running a trial vs. appraising a trial — two different skills01:05:16 Indication creep and applying trial evidence to the wrong patients01:09:24 The FDA, Vinay Prasad, Marty McCary, and why reform failed01:13:45 Wrap-up and where to find MakamCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryAnish sits down with Adu, a med student and biotech investor, to work through the FDA's contested handling of Unicure's AMT-130 — a gene therapy for Huntington's disease delivered via stereotactic brain injection. They debate whether the underlying data justifies approval, why the agency's mid-course reversal has rattled the investor community, and what the Sarepta precedent should have taught everyone involved. The conversation broadens into a bigger question: given that desperate patient populations will always demand access to anything showing a signal, who is actually best positioned to make the call on whether a drug works — the FDA, the clinician, or the market?Chapter Markers00:00 FDA approval of AMT-130 and investor reaction01:16 Unmet need and the case for regulatory flexibility02:37 Sarepta, Duchenne's, and the cost of approving under pressure05:09 Accelerated approval done right: the Amylyx example09:14 Debating the AMT-130 data and the historical control problem13:53 Why stock price matters for trial funding17:20 How Prasad could have changed FDA culture differently19:37 The FDA's role from Kefauver-Harris to today22:26 Competing Huntington's therapies in the pipeline25:39 Prasad's tenure: what worked, what didn't28:27 Media coverage of the FDA and science journalismCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryPediatric nephrologist, medical educator, and "Sheriff of Sodium" Dr. Bryan Carmody joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio to challenge some of the most persistent narratives in American medicine. From the AAMC's physician shortage projections — which Carmody argues serve the interests of medical schools more than patients — to the mechanics of the residency match, application fever, ERAS pricing, and the largely unrealized promise of pass/fail Step 1, Carmody brings his characteristic data-driven skepticism to each topic. The conversation closes on what's arguably the most consequential question: what should residency selection actually be optimizing for, and why are program directors squandering the leverage they have to drive real change in undergraduate medical education?Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction02:02 How Carmody became the Sheriff of Sodium05:03 Why people keep getting medical education wrong07:46 The physician shortage: skepticism and incentives09:03 Rebutting the AAMC's 86,000-doctor shortfall projection11:17 Supply-induced demand and the limits of training more physicians17:06 Third-party payment, discretionary care, and the real drivers of access problems20:27 Who benefits from the physician shortage narrative26:36 GME funding: $45 billion, hospital incentives, and the case for or against it30:01 The Match explained: history, origins, and why it exists35:22 ERAS, NRMP, and the financial architecture of residency applications40:21 Preference signaling: what it is and why it's quietly capping application volume44:12 Is the Match a monopoly? The congressional report and the anti-competitive argument51:18 Step 1 pass/fail: the promise, the timing, and why it stalled55:43 What actually changed — and what didn't — after 202258:00 What program directors should be demanding — and aren't01:08:12 What we're not doing well in resident selection01:11:59 Using selection systems to elevate the quality of every applicant, win or lose01:18:45 The neurosurgery combineCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryJared Rhoads, founder of the Center for Modern Health and senior lecturer in health policy at the Dartmouth Institute, joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio for a wide-ranging conversation on the philosophical foundations of healthcare policy. Rhoads — an Objectivist in the tradition of Ayn Rand — argues that physicians have a right to pursue health, not a right to be given it, and walks through what that distinction means for real policy debates: FDA drug approval, prior authorization, the ban on physician-owned hospitals, private equity in medicine, and foreign-trained physician licensure. The episode is a rare attempt to make the moral case for free markets in medicine, not just the efficiency case.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction and guest background01:52 What is the Center for Modern Health?04:25 Objectivism, Ayn Rand, and rational self-interest11:19 Healthcare as a private good vs. community good13:58 Policy mistakes made for edge cases16:58 You have a right to pursue health — not to be given it20:14 Does Medicare violate rights?22:47 Positive vs. negative rights in healthcare24:47 The FDA, drug approval, and the Prasad/McCary departures31:08 A two-tier FDA review proposal: private vs. public payers42:25 Breaking up Big Medicine — the Hawley-Warren bill49:43 Prior authorization: structural problem or reform target?55:22 High-deductible plans and why price consciousness hasn't taken hold57:43 Price transparency laws: do they actually work?01:02:49 Section 6001 and the de facto ban on physician-owned hospitals01:06:04 Stark Law, Medicare Advantage, and a possible reform path01:11:19 Private equity in medicine: where are the actual rights violations?01:19:02 Free markets and monopolies: the standard objection answered01:21:12 Foreign-trained physician licensure01:34:11 Immigration, physician workforce, and the battle of ideas01:37:40 Center for Modern Health summer fellowshipCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. George Tolis, section chief of coronary and general cardiac surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital, joins Drs. Koka and DiGiorgio for a wide-ranging conversation on the state of cardiac surgery. He makes the case that TAVR — while genuinely transformative for the right patient — is being systematically applied too broadly, driven by industry incentive and the erosion of meaningful surgical consent. He discusses his collaboration with John Ioannidis that found no statistically significant mortality benefit for any new cardiac surgery technique introduced over the past 35 years, the paper's rejection by every major surgical journal, and what he paid out of pocket to make it open access. The conversation moves to the collapse of surgical training — fragmented pathways, work hour restrictions that leave residents unprepared for attending life, an academic promotion system that ignores teaching, and a culture that routes incompetent trainees around rather than out — and closes with a brief on Vasily Kolesov, the Soviet surgeon from Leningrad who performed the world's first documented coronary bypass years before Favaloro, and whose work was buried by the Cold War.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction01:02 Air-cooled VWs, concert piano, and how Dr. Tolis got here02:40 TAVR: genuine breakthrough or being abused?08:02 Finding the TAVR threshold — and why informed consent is the real problem11:46 Collaborating with John Ioannidis: no mortality benefit for 35 years of new techniques20:02 Why the major surgical journals wouldn't touch the paper21:52 Minimally invasive surgery: minimal access vs. minimally invasive26:24 When do CABG survival curves diverge — and what does it mean?30:05 Surgeons signing off on TAVRs in young patients33:51 Health system economics and the heart team dynamic37:50 How to actually pick a good surgeon (ask the scrub nurses)40:36 Cardiac surgery training: the three pathways problem44:04 Work hour restrictions and the residency simulation gap51:16 General surgery is like MTV — they don't operate anymore53:21 A resident who finished training without ever applying a cross-clamp56:34 How to evaluate if a program actually trains59:27 Academic promotion has nothing to do with teaching01:01:33 Dr. Tolis's resident outcomes database and three papers nobody cared about01:05:32 The training timeline: finishing at 49, no runway left01:07:08 One-size-fits-all RRC rules for cardiac surgery and psychiatry01:09:16 Cardiac surgery as a disposition, not a therapy01:12:24 When ECMO becomes the final common path01:13:38 How you become nationally recognized without being a good surgeon01:17:16 Vasily Kolesov: the Soviet surgeon who did the first bypassCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/44vw8eirsKKnjgNIrdDvrRApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1832097658YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungePod🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryRadiologist, National Review senior contributor, and prominent center-right voice in medicine Pradeep Shanker joins Anish Koka and Anthony DiGiorgio for a wide-ranging conversation that covers AI's real (and overstated) role in radiology, the structural dysfunction of GME funding and physician immigration, what went wrong with COVID policy from both the left and right, the asymmetric treatment of physicians like Mary Bowden versus institutional failures like Aduhelm, and whether America is still a creedal nation. Pradeep and Anish agree on more than expected — and disagree sharply where it counts.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction and guest background02:23 AI in radiology — where it actually helps07:42 Ground truth, image resolution, and the limits of AI diagnostics12:16 Should AI replace the Nighthawk radiologist?19:40 CMS reimbursement and AI — does it help or hurt?21:09 Physician immigration and the GME funding problem27:49 Supplier-induced demand and the third-party payment trap35:52 Why we're not building enough American medical schools39:23 Affirmative action in medical training47:41 How did we do on COVID?51:26 Depoliticizing the CDC and NIH54:09 Vaccine mandates — where Pradeep draws the line56:42 How do you rebuild trust in public health?1:02:30 Mary Bowden, Vinay Prasad, and dissent in medicine1:08:42 The Aduhelm asymmetry1:16:35 Is America a creedal nation?Co-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7vE4aCMpVHnSGwuOHiGVLpApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1489323962YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLounge🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. Eithan Haim, a general surgeon in the Dallas area, joins Anish to walk through the events that took him from chief resident at Baylor to facing four federal felony counts and up to 10 years in prison. While rotating at Texas Children's Hospital in 2022 and 2023, Haim learned that the hospital's pediatric gender medicine program — which TCH had publicly announced it was shutting down in March 2022 — was in fact still operating, with puberty blocker implants being placed in children as young as 11. He took redacted information to journalist Christopher Rufo, the story ran in May 2023, and Texas passed SB 14 within 24 hours. A month later, federal agents showed up at his door on the day of his graduation. Haim describes the three successive indictments, the discovery that lead prosecutor Tina Ansari's family had financial ties to Texas Children's, the de facto gag order, the agreement signed under duress, and the dismissal with prejudice on January 24, 2025 — two weeks before trial. The conversation closes on what every physician should take from his case: the power asymmetry of federal prosecution, the weaponization of HIPAA, and why Haim believes telling the truth, even at total personal cost, is the only thing that ultimately matters.Chapter Markers00:14 Introduction and overview of the case02:18 Spring 2022 at Texas Children's — the first red flags05:29 Rotating at TCH as a chief resident06:59 Awakening to what was happening on the floor09:14 The 11-year-old patient and the role of residents10:38 Why institutional channels weren't an option11:11 Cold-emailing journalists under a pseudonym14:12 Did he access patient records? The transplant indictment myth16:29 Where the records actually came from17:44 Talking it through with his wife — a federal prosecutor20:09 Mandatory reporting and the duty of physicians in a hospital22:36 The knock at the door on graduation day25:24 Going public in January 202428:26 "She'll bring it to trial even knowing she'll lose"30:09 The 2024 election and what was at stake31:41 Breaking down the four felony HIPAA counts36:32 Why the DOJ went all in38:37 Tina Ansari and the chain of command39:24 Selectively tailored evidence to the grand jury42:25 The arraignment — sitting beside drug traffickers and sex offenders44:09 Discovering the prosecutor's financial ties to TCH46:43 The de facto gag order and the descent into chaos50:09 The agreement signed under duress52:24 January 24, 2025 — the day of dismissal56:50 The civil suit and Elon Musk's involvement58:09 What this means for every physician in America1:01:16 What HIPAA enables and why it needs to change1:04:00 Privacy law versus mandatory reporting1:06:51 The banana republic problem — power and resources1:08:16 On Dostoevsky, legacy, and the calculus of telling the truth1:11:00 Would he have done it differently?1:12:43 Hypothetical: would the same standard apply to a left-leaning whistleblower?1:15:01 On Jay Bhattacharya, Fauci, Collins, and the question of justice1:21:00 Closing thoughts on courage, corruption, and the duty of physicians🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailAnish and Dr. DiGiorgio trace the history of insurance from ancient Babylonian bottomery contracts through Egyptian workers' guilds, Greek risk-pooling societies, Lloyd's of London, and the birth of actuarial science — then walk forward into the Great Fire of London, the 1929 Baylor hospital plan, Henry Kaiser's vertically integrated care, the World War II wage-freeze tax subsidy that chained health coverage to employment, Medicare in 1965, and the ACA in 2010. Along the way they unpack why the insurance model breaks down when applied to events with a 100% chance of happening (like primary care visits), why government-imposed price controls force low-risk payers to subsidize high-risk ones, the role of reinsurance and moral hazard in disaster-prone regions, and how the cultural argument against socializing risk has been quietly losing ground in the West since the Great Depression.Chapter markers00:00 Cold open — blizzard vs. backyard burgers01:45 Why physicians need to understand insurance02:11 Babylon, bottomery contracts, and the Code of Hammurabi05:29 The birth of actuarial science07:16 When insurance stops making sense (the 100% problem)07:42 Egyptian guilds and Greek risk-pooling societies09:40 Lloyd's of London and the coffee-house origins of underwriting10:44 Actuarial tables meet societal mores — pricing risk by sex13:16 What happens when the government caps what insurers can charge16:18 The Great Fire of London and the rise of fire brigades17:42 Reinsurance, FEMA, and Thomas Sowell on flood-zone moral hazard21:36 The 1929 Baylor plan and the seed of Blue Cross24:24 Henry Kaiser's vertically integrated healthcare25:34 World War II wage freezes and the tax subsidy that chained insurance to employment30:51 How Medicare and the ACA redefined "insurance" to mean prepaid care33:04 Bismarck's 1880s gambit — socializing to prevent socialism34:04 Why the argument against socialized risk keeps losing36:23 Hayek, Friedman, and why socialism keeps coming back36:49 Britain, the NHS, and Bevan "stuffing their mouths with gold"Co-Host handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow handle@drsloungepodSubscribe linksSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7vE4aCMpVHnSGwuOHiGVLpApple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1489323962YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLounge🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryAnish and Anthony are joined by Dr. Elad Levy — Professor and Chair of Neurosurgery at the University at Buffalo, holder of the L. Nelson Hopkins Endowed Chair, and one of the country's most prolific physician innovators — for a wide-ranging conversation on how he and his partners built Atlas Surgery Center, the only physician-owned outpatient neurosurgery center in the United States, now performing roughly 3,000 cases a year including outpatient angiograms, carotid stenting, brain aneurysm treatment, gamma knife radiosurgery, and complex spine work. Dr. Levy walks through the operational efficiencies that let four staff do the work of fifteen to twenty in a hospital, the negotiated device pricing, the inclusion/exclusion criteria for outpatient cases, the constraints of Medicare's inpatient-only list, and why payers have embraced the model at 90% of hospital rates. The conversation also traces his personal arc — from rowing at Choate and Dartmouth, to neurosurgery training at Pitt, to fellowship under Nick Hopkins in Buffalo — and the field-defining work he and colleagues did to establish mechanical thrombectomy as standard of care in the 2015 New England Journal papers, plus his current work on endovascular brain-computer interfaces with Synchron and ongoing conversations with Neuralink. The episode closes on neurosurgery workforce challenges, the alternative pathway to board certification for foreign-trained surgeons, and why physician ownership may be one of the most underrated levers for rural access to specialty care.Chapters00:00 Welcome and introducing Dr. Elad Levy01:05 The origin of Atlas Surgery Center: outgrowing the hospital03:14 Relationship with the hospital system and how the partnership works04:36 SUNY Buffalo, Kaleida Health, and the Atlas LLC structure06:44 The collective pain points that drove physician ownership07:30 Personal journey: Israel, Italy, and rural northern New York08:14 Choate, Dartmouth, and varsity rowing10:35 Med school, Pitt residency, and falling for neurosurgery12:24 Fellowship under Nick Hopkins in Buffalo14:42 The thrombectomy revolution and the 2015 New England Journal papers16:30 "If I had a tomato, I would throw it at your face" — early endovascular pushback18:03 The COMMAND trial and endovascular brain-computer interfaces with Synchron19:43 Neuralink, Precision, CoreTech, and the Wright Brothers phase of BCI22:07 What can move outpatient: angiograms, aneurysms, stenting, functional, spine25:52 Why ASCs are cheaper: device pricing, staffing, and turnover times28:20 Reimbursement at 90% of hospital rates and the case for site neutrality30:23 Inclusion and exclusion criteria — the "is this your mother?" test31:50 Medicare's inpatient-only list and why it locks patients into hospitals34:35 Financial ethics of physician ownership versus corporate medicine39:53 Could Atlas become a physician-owned hospital? The two-midnight rule41:43 Everyone goes home at four — efficiency as patient access44:27 The hospital industrial complex and regulatory drag45:13 IRB and clinical trial speed in an ASC: weeks versus a year46:29 Neurosurgery workforce, foreign medical graduates, and the alternative pathway50:32 Buffalo as a city of good neighbors — and physician retention53:38 Vetting international training and what board certification really protects55:03 Grey's Anatomy, McDreamy, and the Dartmouth rowing connectionCo-Hosts@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow@drsloungepodSubscribeYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLounge🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailAnish and Dr. DiGiorgio dig into the intellectual debate that preceded the 1965 passage of Medicare, focusing on the economists — James Buchanan, Gordon Tullock, Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, and George Stigler — whose arguments against centralized healthcare proved remarkably prescient. They trace how Buchanan's public choice theory (political actors behave as self-interested economic actors) and Tullock's concept of rent seeking (firms spending capital to capture government wealth transfers rather than create value) explain exactly what happened to American healthcare: runaway costs, regulatory capture by industry, EHR mandates that entrenched a handful of vendors, and the RBRVS/RUC system that keeps physician specialties fighting over a fixed pie. The conversation closes on the Buchanan-Tullock distinction between constitutional decisions (changing the rules of the game) and political decisions (playing within them), and why physicians keep losing by focusing only on the latter.Chapter Markers00:00 Introduction and naming the deep-dive series00:46 Setting up the pre-Medicare debate (1965, LBJ, Great Society)02:44 The AMA's opposition and the intellectual roots of the debate04:02 Why Medicare and Medicaid emerged: employer insurance and the uninsured elderly04:29 James Buchanan and public choice theory05:30 Gordon Tullock and rent seeking07:55 Why bureaucrats aren't altruistic either10:39 Epic, EHR mandates, and regulatory capture in action12:13 Unproductive spending: lobbying as digging ditches with spoons13:20 The Moderna flu vaccine case and George Stigler's regulatory capture16:49 Physicians as just another rent-seeking interest group20:30 Medicare before the RUC: UCR and the birth of the RBRVS21:47 The Calculus of Consent: constitutional vs. political decisions25:12 Direct primary care and doctors opting out of Medicare27:13 ASCs, Surgery Center of Oklahoma, and breaking the rules of the game29:40 The employer-insurer link and the tax subsidy distortion31:32 The Breakup Health Care Act and provider-side consolidation32:47 Fraud, waste, and the limits of third-party payment34:38 Wrap-up: the thinkers, the concepts, and why this matters nowCo-Host Handles@anish_koka and @drdigiorgioShow Handle@drsloungepodSubscribe LinksYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungeResourcesDr. DiGiorgio's Substack graphic novel on the history of healthcare policy: https://www.offlabelideas.com/The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962), James M. Buchanan & Gordon Tullock — the foundational text on constitutional vs. political decisions. Free full text at Liberty Fund: https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/buchanan-the-calculus-of-consent-logical-foundations-of-constitutional-democracyThe Rent-Seeking Society (2005), Vol. 5 of The Selected Works of Gordon Tullock, edited by Charles K. Rowley (Liberty Fund): https://about.libertyfund.org/books/the-rent-seeking-society/Russ Roberts has several episodes covering Buchanan, Tullock, and public choice theory — searchable at https://www.econtalk.org🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailBack from hiatus, Anish and Dr. DiGiorgio swap travel notes on Japan and San Diego before diving into Anish's recent Substack piece mapping emergency cardiac care access across the United States — where 98% of Americans live within 90 minutes of a PCI-capable hospital, a level of coverage no peer country (including Canada) comes close to matching. They extend the analysis to thrombectomy-capable stroke centers, trauma coverage, and what it really means when the Commonwealth Fund ranks the US last. The conversation turns to whether the "rural healthcare crisis" narrative justifies continued subsidies (critical access designation, 340B, DISH payments, the new OBBA rural fund) or simply props up a monopoly structure that blocks physician-owned hospitals and ASCs. They unpack Mark Cuban's HSA-plus-catastrophic-coverage proposal, its blind spots on chronic illness and supply-side cost, the two-midnight rule lawsuit between Jefferson and Aetna, cost-plus reimbursement grandfathering, and how CMS's new "efficiency adjustment" has made it financially rational for neurosurgeons to hand off post-op critical care — inadvertently telling the origin story of neurocritical care as a specialty. They close with the new CDC director announcement and a look ahead to next week's guest, Dr. Elad Levy.00:00 Back from hiatus — Japan, San Diego, and American public transit03:45 Happy tax day and the Bay Area commute problem04:45 Anish's Substack piece: mapping PCI access across America07:50 Why PCI capability is the right proxy for emergency care infrastructure10:00 Building the map — counties, census tracts, and the 90-minute door-to-balloon window14:30 98% coverage: the US vs Canada, Russia, China18:24 Thrombectomy-capable stroke centers and the 60-minute brain window22:07 What do you actually want from a healthcare system?27:12 The original sin of Medicare and the employer tax exemption30:13 Rural hospital subsidies: critical access, 340B, DISH, and the OBBA rural fund37:02 Physician-owned hospitals, Stark Law, and ASCs as an alternative model40:30 Mark Cuban's HSA plan: stop-loss, direct primary care, and the $2,100 family premium44:13 Extending the idea to Medicaid — wealth accrual and the 100% benefit cliff46:31 The chronic illness problem and federal reinsurance as a backstop47:57 The missing piece: supply-side deregulation and lowering cost of care50:19 Jefferson sues Aetna: the two-midnight rule and who the real villain is53:04 UCR, cost-plus reimbursement, and the hospitals still grandfathered in55:37 The CMS efficiency adjustment and the neurosurgeon's 8-day break-even58:45 The origin story of neurocritical care as a specialty01:02:16 New CDC director Erica Schwartz and next week's guest Dr. Elad Levy@anish_koka and @drdigiorgio@drsloungepodResources:Quantifying the Rural Access Problem: Emergency Cardiac Care as a Window into American Healthcare — https://anishkokamd.substack.com/p/quantifying-the-rural-access-problemAmerica Has Solved the Hardest Healthcare Access Problem Better Than Anyone Else — Here's the Data — https://anishkokamd.substack.com/p/the-us-healthcare-system-has-basicallyInteractive PCI Access Maps (US & Canada) — https://anishkoka.github.io/pci-access-maps/YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLounge🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailGuest: Ali Mortazavi | CEO, Tangram Therapeutics (formerly E-Therapeutics), London, UKEpisode Summary:Ali Mortazavi is not your typical biotech CEO. A computer scientist by training, former professional chess player, and veteran of financial markets, he invested in an RNAi company in 2012 — and then, by his own admission, made the crazy decision to become its CEO with zero background in biology, chemistry, or medicine.What followed is a 14-year education in the brutal realities of drug development — and a front-row seat to the AI revolution now reshaping it. In this wide-ranging conversation, Mortazavi draws on his extraordinary personal story (fleeing revolutionary Iran as a child, arriving in London unable to speak English, rising through chess and finance) to offer a uniquely cross-disciplinary perspective on why biotech is stuck in a me-too loop, why the incentive system is the real bottleneck, and where AI is — and isn't — changing the game.0:00 - Introduction & Ali's Background1:07 - The Iranian Revolution at Nine Years Old4:44 - Fleeing Iran, Arriving in London6:38 - The Refugee Experience and Starting Over7:49 - Computer Science in 19909:53 - Becoming a Professional Chess Player11:06 - The Vishwanathan Anand Moment13:17 - From Chess to Finance to Biotech CEO14:44 - The Gleevec Illusion and the Reality of Drug Development16:07 - Jay Bhattacharya, Reproducibility, and the PubMed Button18:18 - LLMs as Scientific Compression Systems20:15 - Why LLMs Give "The Average Answer" — The Co-Pilot Model23:44 - Vibe Coding and the Explosion of Code25:36 - AI Won't Replace 10x Coders — It Will Replace 90 of 10026:16 - The GalNAC Case Study: 35 Years of Forgotten Innovation31:10 - The Me-Too Algorithm and Biotech VC Incentives34:40 - GLP-1s: Another 30 Years of Sitting Around35:26 - The FDA, the XBI, and the Current Regulatory Landscape40:43 - Can Politics Fix the Incentive System?42:09 - Why Past Progress Happened Without AI44:24 - Medical Ethics, Experimentation, and the Innovation Tradeoff48:34 - Biotech Is Archaic: The Preclinical De-Risking Problem50:05 - No Animal Model Actually Works52:16 - Over-Regulation vs. Just Plain Hard53:00 - The US Market as the Global Subsidy Engine54:05 - China: Wake-Up Call, Not Innovator56:25 - The London Market: "Don't Call It a Market"58:52 - AI-Native Biotechs: Too Soon to Tell59:36 - Where AI Works: Information. Where It Doesn't: Physics.1:01:29 - Tangram Therapeutics and Libra OS1:04:25 - The Future: SaaS Collapse, Medicine Returns to Fundamentals1:07:36 - Closing: Hope, Broken Glass, and Early AdoptionSubscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSSFollow the Show: X: @DrsLoungePodFollow the Guest: X: @AAMortazaviCo-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdanchoi | @dutchrojas | @sdixitmd | @drdigiorgio🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode SummaryDr. DiGiorgio returns from testifying before the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health, the third in a series of hearings on healthcare costs covering the provider landscape. The two break down the major policy levers discussed in his testimony — site-neutral payment, Stark Law reform, physician-owned hospitals, and Certificate of Need laws — and why so many obviously good solutions remain politically untouchable. They also dig into the rural access gap, the failure of the NP independence experiment to solve it, Medicare Advantage risk adjustment, and the new HHS healthcare advisory committee. As always, the diagnosis is clear; the politics are the hard part.Chapter Markers0:00 – Welcome back & Dr. DiGiorgio's Congressional testimony3:16 – Site-neutral payment: why everyone knows it's right and no one acts6:26 – You can't do site neutrality without also enabling competition8:20 – How MedPAC's methodology actually works11:50 – Stark Law explained — and why it creates a double standard14:32 – Hospice fraud, Armenian gangs, and Nick Shirley20:30 – The original sin: third-party payment and utilization control23:52 – The case for allowing physician referral networks25:15 – Hospitals' self-referral hypocrisy and the Federation of American Hospitals tweet28:52 – How Section 6001 of the ACA banned physician-owned hospitals30:13 – The new HHS healthcare advisory committee — will it matter?37:44 – The rural access gap: how big is the problem really?42:52 – Why NP independence didn't solve rural shortages47:58 – International medical graduates and the rural fiction50:06 – Let prices rise: the market solution to rural primary care55:25 – Medicaid federal matching rates and state competitiveness56:38 – How Democrats and Republicans engaged at the hearing58:57 – The politics of why nothing gets doneLinks:YouTube Dr. Digiorgio Congressional Testimony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjPr3fK9jjcWritten Testimony@anish_koka | @drdigiorgio@drsloungepod🎧 Spotify | Apple Podcasts | YouTube🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailKevin Bass, PhD, joins Anish and Dr. DiGiorgio to tell the story of how a viral Newsweek op-ed apologizing for his support of COVID lockdowns and mandates set off a chain of events that ended in his dismissal from Texas Tech's MD/PhD program. Kevin walks through the internal emails, sham professionalism hearings, and rigged dismissal process he uncovered through FERPA records requests — and his ongoing federal and state lawsuits alleging First Amendment retaliation. The conversation then shifts to what Kevin has been building since: using AI pipelines to do large-scale investigative data analysis, from parsing the Epstein files to probing Medicaid fraud — work he argues would have taken a newsroom months, done now in days by one person.YouTube Chapters:00:00 - Introduction and Kevin Bass background01:16 - Kevin's COVID arc: from establishment supporter to dissenter03:14 - The Newsweek op-ed and Tucker Carlson appearance08:00 - Internal emails and the professionalism complaint campaign13:44 - Sham hearings, appeals, and eventual dismissal19:19 - The rigged consolidated hearing and Darren Gibson27:34 - Dr. DiGiorgio on the medical training dismissal system29:51 - Why Kevin still believes in the broader legal system33:00 - What Kevin has been building since dismissal36:00 - Using AI to analyze the Epstein files40:10 - The messiness of large health data sets46:00 - Immigration policy data analysis49:06 - Medicaid fraud and the limits of legal definitions56:20 - Advice to physicians on AI01:03:10 - The future of health policy research in the AI era@anish_koka and @drdigiorgio@drsloungepod🎧 Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-doctors-lounge/id1489323962🎧 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7vE4aCMpVHnSGwuOHiGVLp▶️ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheDoctorsLoungeResources:Kevin Bass's case documentation site: https://case.kevinnbass.comKevin Bass on Substack: https://www.kevinnbass.comKevin Bass on X: @kevinnbassKevin's original Newsweek op-ed (Jan. 2023): https://www.newsweek.com/its-time-scientific-community-admit-we-were-wrong-about-coivd-it-cost-lives-opinion-1776630Kevin's Epoch Times essay on his dismissal: https://www.theepochtimes.com/opinion/how-my-medical-school-scandalously-dismissed-me-5580841🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailDr. Anish Koka and Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio open with the little-known medical story behind the death of the Shah of Iran — how Mohammed Reza Pahlavi came to be operated on in Cairo in 1980 by legendary cardiovascular surgeon Michael DeBakey, and how the "comforting explanation" bias may have contributed to his death from a post-operative abscess rather than his underlying cancer. The case, drawn from a piece by Dr. Li Zhao (NYU Langone), launches a broader conversation about anchoring bias in medicine and the cognitive traps all clinicians face. From there, the hosts turn to the quality metric industrial complex — MIPS, the new low back pain ambulatory model threatening a 12% Medicare penalty for spine surgeons, the hospital readmission program's documented mortality spike, and how 2,266 CMS metrics are costing billions while failing patients. They close with a NEJM perspectives piece from Harvard Business School's Leemore Daphne on health insurance consolidation and her surprisingly free-market prescriptions for reform.Chapters00:00 Introduction02:00 The Shah of Iran — Political Background03:45 The Shah's Leukemia and Michael DeBakey's 1980 Surgery06:30 A Spleen the Size of a Football08:00 The Decision Not to Drain — And Its Consequences10:00 The Comforting Explanation Bias12:30 Subspecialization Matters — The Most Famous Surgeon Isn't Always the Right One14:45 Anchoring Bias in Clinical Medicine17:00 Modern Imaging and Residents as Checks on Bias18:30 Surgeons, Complications, and the M&M Conference21:00 Segue: Judging Doctors by Stats22:30 The Origins of Quality Metrics — Donabedian 196624:00 MIPS and How It Actually Works26:00 The New Back Pain Ambulatory Specialty Model — A 12% Penalty28:00 Evidence That Metrics Harm Patients: Hospital Readmission Reduction Program30:30 Obstetrics and the C-Section Penalty31:30 Press Ganey and the Cafeteria Problem33:00 Risk Adjustment Gaming — 40% Margin Increase from Coder Rounding38:00 2,266 Metrics and 108,000 Person-Hours at Johns Hopkins40:00 Why Doctors Leave Medicare42:00 What Good Metrics Could Look Like — Dr. DiGiorgio's JAMA Proposal44:00 Health Insurance Consolidation — NEJM Perspectives50:30 FDA, Vinay Prasad, and the WSJ Retraction55:00 Next Week: Kevin BassSubscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube Follow the Show: X: @DrsLoungePod Co-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdigiorgio🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailIn this conversation, Dr. Mary Talley Bowden shares her experiences as an independent physician during the COVID-19 pandemic, detailing her courageous battle against health systems and the Texas Medical Board. She discusses the challenges faced by healthcare professionals, the impact of politics on medical practices, and the importance of patient care and medical freedom. Dr. Bowden emphasizes the need for changes in healthcare policies, including the repeal of mandates and the promotion of alternative treatments like ivermectin. Her personal philosophy and motivation to fight for her patients shine through as she navigates the complexities of the healthcare system.Chapters00:00 Introduction to Dr. Mary Talley Bowden02:17 Dr. Bowden's Courageous Battle Against Health Systems06:01 The Role of Telemedicine and Ivermectin in COVID Treatment11:37 Legal Battles and Hospital Privileges17:03 The Texas Medical Board and Its Controversies22:21 Political Dynamics in Texas Healthcare27:22 The Future of Independent Medicine32:19 The Impact of COVID Vaccines on Patients37:26 Ethical Concerns and Medical Mandates40:40 Critique of Public Health Figures46:03 The Role of Independent Physicians50:58 Future of Healthcare and Patient EmpowermentAbout Dr. Mary Talley Bowden:Dr. Mary Talley Bowden is a Stanford-trained ENT physician running a solo, third-party-free practice in Houston, Texas. She became nationally known during COVID for continuing to see patients, offering early treatment, and publicly opposing vaccine mandates. She is currently in ongoing litigation with both Houston Methodist and the Texas Medical Board.Subscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSSFollow the Show: X: @DrsLoungePodCo-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdanchoi | @dutchrojas | @sdixitmd |🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailEpisode Title: The Medicaid Data Dump: $1.7 Billion in Billing From Shell Companies and Why Nobody Stopped ItGuest: Samir Unni | Biomedical Engineer, former Palantir healthcare data lead, currently working on federal data modernization effortsChapters00:00 Introduction and Technical Difficulties02:47 Reflections on Jay Bhattacharya's Insights06:04 Navigating Polarization in Science08:50 Moderna's Flu Vaccine Controversy11:56 Understanding the FDA's Refusal to File14:58 The Medicaid Data Dump and Its Implications17:50 Duplicate Payments in Medicaid20:59 The Role of Transparency in Healthcare24:01 Home Health Services and Fraud Risks42:57 Understanding Fraud in Government Billing46:51 Political Ramifications of Home Health Agencies50:53 Analyzing Data for Fraud Detection56:30 Incentives and Accountability in Healthcare01:01:52 The Role of Technology in Fraud Prevention01:12:32 Legislative Solutions to Healthcare FraudResources Mentioned:Samir Unni's viral Medicaid data thread (@SamirUnni on X)CMS TMSIS Medicaid provider-level data releaseAnish Koka's deep dive on Fluarix clinical efficacyHHS Office of Inspector General excluded individuals/entities listDr. Mandrola's posts on the Moderna/FDA controversyAlex Berenson's report on autism behavioral therapy billing trendsAbout Samir Unni:Samir Unni is a biomedical engineer who has spent over a decade working at the intersection of healthcare and data analytics. He previously served as a lead at Palantir working with government and healthcare organizations, and is now focused on modernizing how the federal government leverages AI and data tools to identify waste and fraud in public health programs.Subscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSSFollow the Show: X: @drsloungepodCo-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdanchoi | @dutchrojas | @sdixitmd | @DrDiGiorgio🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailIn this engaging conversation, Dr. Jay Bhattacharya discusses his unique perspective as a health economist and the impact of his training on his approach to public health, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. He reflects on the Great Barrington Declaration, the importance of dissent in science, and the need for reform within the NIH to foster innovation and address the replication crisis in research. Dr. Bhattacharya emphasizes the necessity of a culture shift in science, advocating for transparency and rigorous inquiry into public health issues, including vaccines and chronic diseases.TakeawaysDr. Bhattacharya's background in economics shapes his approach to health policy.The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of considering trade-offs in public health decisions.Dissent in science is crucial for progress and innovation.The Great Barrington Declaration challenged the prevailing public health narrative during the pandemic.The NIH must adapt to foster a culture of questioning and innovation.Addressing the replication crisis is essential for restoring trust in scientific research.Public health responses must be transparent and trustworthy to gain public confidence.Raising the evidentiary bar for vaccines is necessary to ensure safety and efficacy.The NIH's role in funding research should focus on improving health outcomes.A second scientific revolution is needed to shift the power dynamics in research. TitlesNavigating Public Health: Insights from Dr. Jay BhattacharyaThe Economics of Health Policy: A Conversation with Dr. BhattacharyaChapters00:00 Introduction to Dr. Jay Bhattacharya03:18 The Influence of Economics on Health Policy06:23 Unique Perspectives During the COVID-19 Pandemic10:12 The Role of Authority in Public Health Decisions13:08 The Great Barrington Declaration and Its Impact16:27 Challenges to Scientific Consensus19:08 Leading the NIH: An Economic Perspective22:33 Addressing the Replication Crisis in Science36:56 Addressing Scientific Stagnation and Replication Crisis43:42 Fostering a Culture of Dissent in Science52:56 Setting Research Priorities for Public Health59:58 Navigating Vaccine Safety and Public TrustSubscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSSFollow the Show: X: @drsloungepodCo-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdanchoi | @dutchrojas | @sdixitmd | @DrDiGiorgio🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailBenjamin Ryan was the only journalist in the courtroom for every day of the first detransition lawsuit to reach a jury verdict. In January 2025, a White Plains jury awarded $2 million to Fox Varian, who received a double mastectomy at age 16 after being diagnosed with gender dysphoria. Years later, she detransitioned and sued her psychologist and plastic surgeon.What happened in that courtroom tells a bigger story about how American medicine got here, why Europe is walking it back, and what happens when "affirmation" becomes the only acceptable path. Ben breaks down the testimony, the expert witnesses, the coerced mother, and why one of WPATH's own leaders sank the defense.This conversation covers the case details, the prefrontal lobotomy parallel, why the American Academy of Pediatrics can't back down, insurance incentives gone wrong, and what it's like to be the only journalist willing to cover the story everyone's afraid to touch.Chapter List1:00 - Introduction: Benjamin Ryan, The Only Reporter in the Room4:00 - How Ben Got Into Trans Medicine Reporting7:00 - The Case Overview: Fox Varian vs Her Medical Team10:00 - Body Dysmorphia vs Gender Dysphoria: The Fatal Error13:00 - Ken Einhorn and the Philosophy of Affirmation17:00 - The Pride Center Records He Never Requested19:00 - Dr. Loren Schechter: WPATH's President-Elect Testifies for Plaintiff22:00 - Coercing the Mother: "You're Not in Reality, Mom"25:00 - Why Was the Plastic Surgeon Liable?29:00 - The Lobotomy Parallel: When Medicine Gets It Wrong33:00 - The Ethics of Taking Functioning Organs37:00 - Why the Plastic Surgeons Released a Statement39:00 - Expert Witness Testimony: The Game-Changer42:00 - Johanna Olson-Kennedy: "Live Son or Dead Daughter"44:00 - The Nose Job Fallacy: Breasts Have Function46:00 - How Did We Get Here? Internet, Social Media, Civil Rights50:00 - Why Europe Walked It Back and America Didn't54:00 - The Insurance Problem: Perverse Incentives59:00 - Why Medical Societies Can't Say "We Don't Know"1:02:00 - The Media Blackout: "No Institutional Bandwidth"1:05:00 - Closing: Follow Ben's Substack for Case FilesSubscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSSFollow the Show: X: @drsloungepodCo-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdanchoi | @dutchrojas | @sdixitmd | @DrDiGiorgioGuest: Benjamin Ryan on Substack: Hazard Ratio (benryan.substack.com)Ben's Free Press Article : A Legal First That Could Change Gender Medicine🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailGuest: Ed Gaines, JD, CPC Vice President of Regulatory Affairs, Zotec Partners Honorary Member, American College of Emergency PhysiciansEpisode Summary:If you're a hospital-based physician and you don't understand the No Surprises Act, you're missing the biggest shift in payment leverage in decades. Insurance companies estimated there would be 17,000 disputes. The actual number? Over 2.5 million. And physicians are winning 85-90% of them.Ed Gaines has been fighting for physician payment for 32 years—from the 1990s battle over 1099 independent contractors to today's war over Independent Dispute Resolution. He explains how California's "neutral" stance cost physicians dearly, why Trump's price transparency rule changed everything, and what Anthem's threat to cut hospital payments really means.0:00 - Introduction & Opening1:05 - Who is Ed Gaines?2:25 - The Origin Story: From Healthcare Fascination to Capitol Hill6:31 - The 1099 Battle: A Five-Year Fight (1997-2002)14:19 - What is the No Surprises Act?17:26 - State Laws vs. Federal Action23:48 - California's Mistake: When the CMA Was "Neutral"26:44 - The Consolidation Paradox28:36 - The Legislative Battle: Ways and Means vs. Energy and Commerce31:43 - Becerra's Sabotage: Four Lawsuits, Four Victories37:39 - The Current Battle: Insurance Companies Strike Back40:43 - The Trump Transparency Game-Changer42:55 - Who's Really Using IDR?43:50 - Anthem's New Tactic: Going After Hospitals46:18 - The Antitrust Argument47:40 - Closing ThoughtsIn This Episode:The 1099 battle (1997-2002): How persistence won a 5-year legislative fightWhy the California Medical Association regrets being "neutral" on AB 72The $50 billion that health plans tried to extract from physiciansHow HHS tried to sabotage the NSA—and lost in federal court four timesWhy CMS was off by 147X in predicting IDR case volumeTrump's transparency rule: The data that's winning cases for physiciansAnthem's new strategy: Threatening 10% payment cuts to hospitalsThe antitrust case against insurance company boycottsWhy 70% of IDR users are independent physicians, not just PE groupsKey Quotes:"CMS estimated 17,000 cases. The actual number was over 2.5 million. They missed by just a touch.""The judge literally said the agency tried to put their thumb on the scales of justice in favor of health plans.""The California Medical Association was neutral on benchmarking to 125% of Medicare. To their credit, they realized they'd made a mistake.""They're losing 85-90% of cases at 6, 7, 8X of Medicare. They didn't see this coming.""For years they got to unilaterally decide what out-of-network payment would be, then just blame doctors for balance billing."About Ed Gaines: Ed has worked in physician revenue cycle management for 32 years, supporting over 22,000 physicians across all 50 states. He specializes in emergency medicine, radiology, anesthesia, and orthopedics advocacy. The American College of Emergency Physicians made him an honorary member in 2010—rare recognition for a non-physician.Subscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSS🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailWhat happens when a spine surgeon who's been in private practice since the Obamacare era sits down with doctors across the political spectrum? You get one of the most honest conversations about healthcare reform we've had.Brian Gantwerker doesn't fit neatly into anyone's box. He's a private practice capitalist who thinks breaking up insurance companies is essential. He believes in "just pricing" for craniotomies (hint: it's more than $2,000). He thinks Medicare was actually a great payer—until Medicare Advantage ruined it. And he has strong opinions about why physicians spend so much time fighting each other on Twitter instead of finding common ground.This conversation covers the Medicare Advantage meltdown (UnitedHealthcare shares tanking), vertical integration nightmares, why the FTC needs to break up both insurers AND hospitals, and what it's like when your congressman literally saves your practice. Plus: the real reason healthcare policy debates get so toxic on social media, and why quote-tweeting might be making everything worse.0:00 - Introduction: Doctors in the Lounge 0:33 - Who is Brian Gantwerker? 2:08 - Starting Private Practice in the Obamacare Era 5:34 - UnitedHealthcare: The Pontine Glioma of Healthcare 7:43 - Medicare Advantage vs Traditional Medicare 10:26 - The Medicare Advantage Denial Story 14:35 - Who Gets the Value in Value-Based Care? 16:07 - The Free Market That Doesn't Exist Yet 19:16 - What Should a Craniotomy Cost? 21:47 - Breaking Up the Monopolies: Insurers AND Hospitals 27:09 - The Labor Theory of Value Debate 30:21 - CPT Codes and Central Planning 32:20 - The "Just Price" vs Free Market 35:42 - HSAs for Medicaid Recipients 38:47 - Price Transparency: Why Can't Healthcare Be Like Amazon? 40:03 - The Workout Period Problem 43:52 - FTC and Vertical Integration 46:04 - Lobbying, Congress, and Changing Minds 48:07 - Why Twitter Makes Physicians Fight Each Other 51:24 - Political Rancor and Taking Sides 55:14 - The Dr. Asghar Tweet Controversy 59:24 - Quote-Tweeting: The Death of Dialogue 1:03:03 - X as Thunderdome vs Real Conversation 1:04:35 - The Ted Lieu Saves: When Congress Actually Helps 1:07:32 - Closing: Shah Rukh Khan Hair and Finding Common GroundSubscribe to The Doctor's Lounge: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | YouTube | RSSFollow the Show: X: @TheDoctorsLoCo-hosts: @anish_koka | @drdanchoi | @dutchrojas | @drdigiorgio | @sdixitmdGuest: @cscla🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailGuest: Josh Umbehr, MD | Co-founder & CEO, Atlas MD | DPC PioneerSummary: In 2010, Josh Umbehr launched Atlas MD charging $50/month for unlimited primary care with no insurance billing. Other doctors said it wasn't sustainable. Fourteen years later, he runs a platform serving 1,800+ practices and built his own insurance company. This conversation covers the full journey: wholesale medication costs ($0.01/pill metformin), the $2M it takes to start insurance, why Singapore's model works, and why 80% of healthcare spending is eliminable.Key Topics:DPC Economics: How $50/month works ($2 CBC tests, cutting 5-6 staff)Building Insurance: $2M startup, actuarial challenges, association modelSingapore Healthcare: What economists miss about primary careFractional Specialists: 1,800 practices sharing one cardiologistCMS Meeting: "We can't participate and innovate"GLP-1 Pricing: Why insurance coverage raises costsVaccine Nuance: Risk/benefit in contextThe 80% Solution: Eliminating waste, not rationingTop Quotes:"80% of $4-5 trillion could be cut out. That's reasonable math, not wishful thinking.""We can't participate and innovate" [to CMS Administrator]"Best way to make GLP-1s affordable: stop covering with insurance""Biggest DPC problem isn't the model—it's getting people to understand high quality + affordable price"🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailKeywordsAlex Berenson, COVID vaccine, Medicaid fraud, autism services, healthcare, investigative journalism, MCOs, AI in healthcare, public health, healthcare policySummaryIn this conversation, Anish Koka and Alex Berenson delve into critical issues surrounding the COVID vaccine, Medicaid fraud, and the financial incentives within autism services. They discuss the implications of investigative journalism in public health, the role of Managed Care Organizations (MCOs), and the potential future of healthcare with the integration of AI. Berenson emphasizes the need for accountability and transparency in healthcare spending, particularly in Medicaid, which has ballooned to a trillion-dollar program with significant fraud and abuse. The discussion highlights the importance of asking tough questions and the consequences of ignoring systemic issues in healthcare policy.TakeawaysAlex Berenson is a notable investigative journalist who challenges mainstream narratives.The COVID vaccine's efficacy was overestimated, leading to misguided public health policies.Medicaid fraud is rampant, with significant financial implications for taxpayers.The autism services sector has seen explosive growth in spending without adequate oversight.Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) often lack the incentive to control costs in Medicaid.There is a need for more physician oversight in Medicaid-funded services.The financial incentives in healthcare can lead to waste and abuse of funds.AI's role in healthcare could complicate oversight and accountability.Public support for Medicaid could diminish if fraud and waste are not addressed.The conversation underscores the importance of transparency in healthcare spending. Chapters00:00 Introduction to Alex Berenson06:11 Investigating COVID Vaccine Efficacy12:22 Exploring Medicaid Fraud and Abuse20:00 Autism Services and Financial Incentives30:08 The Role of MCOs in Medicaid36:50 The Future of Healthcare and AILinks: Berenson Substack on Medicaid and Autism: (100) Medicaid fraud and abuse are hitting unthinkable levels@X handles:@alexberenson @anish_koka @DrDiGiorgio @drdanchoi @sdixitmd🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textSummaryIn this episode of the Doctor's Lounge, hosts Anish Koka, Anthony DiGiorgio, and Sanat Dixit delve into the complexities of healthcare policy, particularly focusing on recent statements made by former President Trump regarding healthcare reform. They discuss the implications of Trump's proposed 'Great Healthcare Plan,' which aims to lower drug prices and insurance premiums while increasing price transparency. The conversation highlights the need for deeper reforms, such as relaxing insurance regulations and addressing hospital consolidation, to truly lower healthcare costs. The hosts express a mix of cautious optimism and skepticism about the effectiveness of these proposals, emphasizing the importance of patient empowerment in the healthcare marketplace.The discussion then shifts to the role of AI in healthcare, particularly in clinical decision-making. The hosts explore the regulatory landscape surrounding AI tools and the potential for these technologies to enhance patient care while also raising concerns about accountability and the need for oversight. They conclude with a critical examination of the 340B drug discount program, discussing its unintended consequences and the need for reform to ensure that it serves its intended purpose of aiding low-income patients rather than enriching large health systems. Overall, the episode provides a nuanced look at the intersection of policy, technology, and patient care in the evolving healthcare landscape.Keywordshealthcare reform, Trump healthcare plan, AI in healthcare, 340B program, healthcare policy, patient empowerment, drug pricing, insurance premiums, healthcare costs, medical malpracticeChapters00:00 Introduction to Healthcare Complexity01:12 Trump's Healthcare Plan Overview04:38 The Role of AI in Healthcare09:31 FDA Regulations on AI Tools17:34 Ethics and Accountability in AI31:53 Case Study: Whole Body MRI and Malpractice34:30 The Prenuvo Case and Medical Liability38:59 Defensive Medicine and Its Implications43:09 The 340B Drug Discount Program Explained50:54 Critique of the 340B Program and Its Impact01:00:02 Reimagining Healthcare Funding and Patient Care🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textKeywordshealthcare, ACA subsidies, vaccine schedule, AI in healthcare, concierge medicine, food pyramid, healthcare policy, public health, physician autonomy, healthcare costsSummaryIn this episode, the hosts delve into the complexities of healthcare, discussing the ongoing saga of ACA subsidies, recent changes to vaccine schedules, and the implications of AI in healthcare. They explore the pros and cons of concierge medicine and the recent shift in dietary guidelines, emphasizing the need for a more patient-centered approach in healthcare policy. The conversation highlights the philosophical debates surrounding healthcare access, autonomy, and the role of government in managing health systems.TakeawaysHealthcare plans are more complicated than they seem.The ACA subsidies have been extended amidst political maneuvering.Changes in vaccine schedules reflect a shift towards shared decision-making.AI is becoming increasingly integrated into healthcare practices.Concierge medicine offers personalized care but raises equity concerns.The food pyramid has been updated to reflect healthier eating guidelines.Patients deserve autonomy in their healthcare decisions.Government involvement in healthcare often leads to inefficiencies.The healthcare system needs to prioritize patient relationships.Philosophical debates about healthcare access continue to evolve.Chapters00:00 The Complexity of Healthcare Plans01:11 The ACA Subsidies Debate04:58 Vaccination Schedules and Public Health12:46 AI in Healthcare: Innovations and Concerns37:53 Ezekiel Emanuel and the Affordable Care Act40:09 Critique of Healthcare Policies and Ideologies43:48 The Flaws of Central Planning in Healthcare46:55 Concerns Over Incremental Changes in Healthcare49:37 Cultural Shifts and the Future of American Healthcare54:50 Concierge Medicine: Access and Quality of Care01:00:07 Dietary Changes and Public Health Messaging🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textKeywordshealthcare policy, Medicaid, ACA, fraud, social media, bureaucracy, primary care, immigration, healthcare reform, insuranceTakeawaysThe One Big Beautiful Bill aimed to reform Medicaid and tighten eligibility checks.Fraud in Medicaid has been highlighted by recent cases, particularly in Minnesota.Work requirements for Medicaid recipients are seen as a reasonable eligibility check.The expiration of ACA subsidies has led to increased healthcare costs for many.Social media has become a platform for impactful healthcare discussions.Bureaucracy in healthcare is under scrutiny, with calls for more accountability.First principles thinking is essential for developing effective healthcare solutions.Physicians must consider how their income and practices are perceived in society.Immigration policies impact the supply of physicians in the US healthcare system.Access to primary care is crucial for reducing ER congestion and improving health outcomes.SummaryIn this New Year's episode, Anthony DiGiorgio and Anish Koka reflect on the significant healthcare policy changes of 2025, focusing on the One Big Beautiful Bill and its impact on Medicaid. They discuss the recent fraud cases in Minnesota, the expiration of ACA subsidies, and the role of social media in shaping healthcare conversations. The conversation also touches on the importance of primary care access, the perception of physicians, and the need for first principles thinking in healthcare reform. As they look ahead to 2026, they express hope for more accountability and innovative solutions in the healthcare system.Sound bites"Bureaucracy in healthcare is under scrutiny.""Physicians must consider their income perception.""Immigration policies impact physician supply."Chapters00:00 New Year Reflections on Healthcare Policy10:44 The Impact of ACA Subsidy Expiration14:53 Social Media Influence in Healthcare Discussions19:53 Examining Bureaucracy and Professional Organizations25:12 First Principles in Healthcare Solutions33:58 The Fairness of Medical Training and Immigration34:27 The Role of Third-Payer Systems in Healthcare35:25 Collectivism vs. Individualism in Healthcare36:16 The Future of Healthcare: Leftist Movements and Universal Care37:34 Populism and Promises in Politics38:33 Uncovering Medicaid Fraud and Healthcare Spending40:29 The Impact of High Salaries in Healthcare41:45 The Dangers of Single-Payer Systems42:13 The Canadian Healthcare System: A Case Study44:21 Primary Care and Emergency Room Dynamics46:19 Price Signals in Healthcare49:22 The Debate on Hospital Capacity and Access51:45 The Misconceptions of Universal Healthcare53:31 The Role of Private Insurance in Universal Systems55:42 Healthcare Innovation and Market Dynamics57:24 The Economics of Healthcare Employment59:11 The High-Speed Rail Controversy and Government Spending01:01:35 Looking Ahead: Hopes for 2026🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textKeywordshealthcare, MAID, patient autonomy, economic implications, GOP healthcare proposals, health savings accounts, dynamic pricing, Instacart, ethical dilemmas, healthcare systemsSummaryIn this episode, the hosts discuss pressing issues in healthcare, focusing on the Canadian MAID program, the implications of patient autonomy, economic factors influencing healthcare decisions, and the GOP's proposals for health savings accounts. They also explore the concept of dynamic pricing in healthcare, drawing parallels with Instacart's pricing strategies, and emphasize the need for transparency and patient empowerment in healthcare decisions.TakeawaysThe MAID program raises ethical concerns about patient autonomy and healthcare access.Economic pressures in healthcare can lead to troubling outcomes for patients.Dynamic pricing models in other industries may not translate well to healthcare.Health savings accounts could empower patients but require a transparent marketplace.The Canadian healthcare system faces significant supply constraints affecting patient care.The conversation highlights the need for a balance between cost and quality in healthcare.Patient experiences reveal the complexities of navigating healthcare systems.Legislative changes can significantly impact healthcare delivery and patient outcomes.The role of algorithms in pricing can lead to inequities in healthcare access.Transparency in healthcare pricing is essential for informed patient choices.TitlesNavigating the Complexities of Modern HealthcareThe Ethics of Assisted Dying: A Deep DiveChapters00:00 Introduction and Overview of Healthcare Challenges02:01 The Canadian MAID Program: A Case Study10:28 Ethical Implications of Assisted Dying15:41 Economic Considerations in Healthcare26:52 GOP Health Savings Account Proposal34:55 Philosophical and Political Objections to Healthcare Reform38:32 Building Capacity in Healthcare38:51 The Ring of Power: Central Planning in Healthcare41:43 The Subscription Model of Healthcare43:27 Government's Role in Healthcare Funding45:09 Health Savings Accounts and Market Dynamics46:03 Dynamic Pricing and Its Implications59:03 The Case of Continuous Glucose Monitors01:02:30 The Future of Pricing in Healthcare🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textKeywordselectronic medical records, healthcare technology, EHR challenges, physician experience, digital health, healthcare regulations, EMR usability, healthcare innovation, patient care, medical technology, EHR, healthcare efficiency, physician ownership, diversity in medicine, medical education, healthcare bureaucracy, DEI, patient care, healthcare systems, physician burnoutSummaryIn this episode of Doctors' Lounge, the conversation revolves around the challenges and inefficiencies of electronic medical records (EMRs) in healthcare. The hosts discuss the initial excitement surrounding the digital revolution in healthcare, the regulatory capture that has led to a lack of competition in the EHR market, and the personal experiences of physicians in selecting and using EMRs. They emphasize the need for more physician-friendly EHR solutions and the lessons learned from the EMR incentive program. In this conversation, the speakers discuss the challenges faced by Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems, the impact of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives in medicine, and the implications of these trends on medical education and patient care. They explore the inefficiencies in healthcare systems driven by consolidation and bureaucracy, the need for physician ownership, and the debate surrounding DEI in medical admissions and its effects on standards in the profession.TitlesThe Return of Dutch Rojas: Insights on HealthcareThe Digital Revolution: Has It Failed Us?EHR Challenges: A Deep Dive into UsabilityChoosing the Right EHR: Lessons from ExperienceRegulatory Capture and Its Impact on HealthcareThe Future of EHRs: A Physician-Centric ApproachChapters00:00 The Return of Dutch Rojas01:30 The Digital Revolution in Healthcare06:44 The Challenges of Electronic Medical Records10:13 Choosing the Right EHR: A Personal Journey15:42 The Impact of Regulations on EHR Usability20:07 The Future of Physician-Centric EHRs25:00 Lessons from the EMR Incentive Program31:34 The Challenges of EHR Systems41:08 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Medicine01:00:25 The Impact of DEI on Medical Education🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textKeywordshealthcare, primary care, ER, cost reduction, pharmacy reform, 340B program, healthcare access, bureaucratic reformSummaryThe conversation focuses on the need to shift healthcare from emergency rooms to primary care, emphasizing cost reduction and improved access through reforms in pharmacy practices and bureaucratic processes.TakeawaysShifting healthcare to primary care can reduce costs significantly.Mail order pharmacy can save money on prescriptions.Bureaucratic approval is crucial for healthcare reforms.Reforming the 340B program can enhance healthcare access.Reducing reliance on PBMs can lower healthcare costs.Encouraging primary care can lead to better health outcomes.Healthcare consumption needs to be more affordable.Innovative solutions can drive down healthcare expenses.Collaboration among stakeholders is essential for reform.A focus on preventative care can alleviate ER burdens.Sound bites"You save a ton of money on mail order pharmacy.""Get out of the PBMs, let's reform our 340B program.""Let's get people consuming healthcare at a much less."🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textKeywordshealthcare, Medicaid fraud, DEI, vaccine safety, Eli Lilly, ACA, healthcare policy, trust in medicine, social determinants of health, healthcare reformSummaryIn this episode, the hosts discuss various pressing issues in healthcare, including Medicaid fraud, the impact of fraud on legitimate healthcare needs, and the ongoing debate about healthcare as a human right. They also discuss the recent report by the FDA on children that may have died as a result of receiving the COVID vaccine, trust in vaccines, and Eli Lilly's move away from a traditional Pharmacy Benefit Manager. The conversation culminates in a discussion about the future of the ACA and necessary reforms in healthcare policy.TakeawaysMedicaid fraud is a significant issue with large-scale implications.Weaponizing empathy can hinder legitimate inquiries into healthcare fraud.The optimal amount of fraud in a system is not zero, as it may indicate necessary services are being provided.Healthcare is increasingly viewed through the lens of social determinants like housing and food security.Trust in vaccines is crucial, and transparency in data is necessary to maintain that trust.Eli Lilly's shift to direct-to-consumer models may reshape the pharmaceutical landscape.Direct-to-consumer healthcare models can increase access and reduce costs for patients.The ACA requires significant reforms to address rising healthcare costs and insurance company profits.Healthcare policy discussions must include physician voices to be effective.The debate over healthcare as a human right continues to evolve, with various perspectives on its implications. Sound bites"Medicaid is full of fraud.""Trust in medicine is eroding.""The ACA needs a major overhaul."Chapters00:00 Introduction to Healthcare Buzz00:51 Medicaid Fraud in Minnesota03:42 Weaponizing DEI in Healthcare07:12 The Complexity of Medicaid and Fraud09:57 Healthcare vs. Social Responsibility12:07 Empathy vs. Virtue Signaling in Healthcare15:58 FDA and Vaccine Concerns22:41 Trust in Vaccines and Public Health32:42 Eli Lilly's Shift in Pharmacy Strategy38:53 The Future of Patient Care and Market Dynamics42:13 Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease46:16 Economic Perspectives on Healthcare51:27 Proposals for Healthcare Reform57:21 The Debate on Insurance Models and Market Solutions🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textSummaryDr. Anahita Dua is a vascular surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital who joins Dutch Rojas, Anish Koka, and Anthony Digiorgio to discuss her views on women's health and cardiovascular disease, the need for a broader understanding of women's health issues beyond reproductive health, and the problems female physicians face in medicine. We discuss the challenges of research funding, the importance of gender-specific studies, and the need for a decentralized approach to research funding that balances government and industry involvement. TakeawaysCardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in women.Maternal mortality rates are influenced by factors beyond reproductive health.Rheumatic fever is a significant cause of maternal mortality.Aortic aneurysms require gender-specific research for better outcomes.Research funding often excludes pregnant women and other marginalized groups.Government and industry funding should coexist to support diverse research.Decentralized funding can lead to more personalized healthcare solutions.Competition in research can drive innovation and efficiency.The current research enterprise is flawed and needs reform.Understanding indirect costs is crucial for effective research funding. HIPAA regulations were relaxed during COVID for telehealth.Firing nurses does not solve the underlying issues in healthcare.Healthcare institutions struggle with efficiency despite available technology.Financial accountability is lacking in major healthcare institutions.Innovators in medicine can drive significant change but face barriers.Women in medicine face a 'sticky floor' preventing progression to leadership roles.The healthcare system is perceived as broken and in need of reform.Political engagement is crucial for healthcare professionals to influence policy.Doctors often feel uncomfortable discussing financial matters related to their work.Support for healthcare candidates is essential for systemic changeChapters00:00 Introduction and Guest Introduction01:13 The Importance of Cardiovascular Health in Women's Health03:49 Rheumatic Fever and Maternal Mortality06:56 Aortic Aneurysms and Gender-Specific Research09:53 Challenges in Research Funding and Inclusion12:40 Balancing Government and Industry in Research16:21 The Need for Decentralized Research Funding19:11 The Role of Competition in Medical Research22:47 Corruption in the Research Enterprise25:04 Understanding Research Funding and Indirect Costs30:53 The Challenges of Healthcare Efficiency34:52 Funding and Financial Accountability in Healthcare39:04 The Role of Individual Innovators in Medicine41:56 Women in Medicine: Retention and Progression52:25 Political Engagement of Healthcare Professionals🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textSummaryIn this episode of the Doctors' Lounge, the hosts discuss a range of topics centered around healthcare, including personal experiences with medical procedures, the importance of trust in healthcare providers, the economics of office-based surgeries, and the role of insurance companies in driving up costs. They reflect on the need for a more patient-centered approach to healthcare and express gratitude for their personal and professional lives as they approach Thanksgiving.TakeawaysDr. Choi shares his experience with a screening colonoscopy, highlighting the importance of preventative medicine.The vulnerability felt by patients during medical procedures is a common experience, even for physicians.Private practice allows for a more fulfilling patient-physician relationship compared to hospital employment.Office-based surgeries (OBS) can significantly reduce costs and improve patient care efficiency.The current healthcare system incentivizes higher facility fees, which drives up overall costs.Direct care models can provide more affordable options for patients and reduce reliance on insurance.The importance of physician autonomy in providing quality care is emphasized.Thanksgiving reflections highlight gratitude for family, friends, and the opportunity to practice medicine in the U.S.The discussion touches on the need for systemic changes in healthcare to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs.The hosts express a desire for a more unified approach among physicians to advocate for their interests. Chapters00:00 Introduction and Special Announcement02:34 The Experience of a Colonoscopy05:14 The Vulnerability of Patients08:05 Understanding Office-Based Surgery (OBS)10:49 The Economics of Medical Procedures14:01 The Role of Health Systems and Insurance16:37 Challenges in the Healthcare System19:38 The Future of Office-Based Surgery24:50 The Impact of Cost on Physician Practices25:59 Disruptive Innovation in Healthcare30:03 Challenges of the Third-Party System31:36 Direct Care and Cost Transparency36:23 Walmart Health's Value-Based Care Program41:56 The Political Landscape of Healthcare Subsidies47:22 The Moral Dilemma in Physician Autonomy53:03 The Fragmentation of Political Power in Medicine55:53 The Role of Lobbying in Healthcare Policy58:45 Thankfulness and Reflections on Healthcare Practice👥 Co-Hosts:Dutch Rojas – Founder, Bliksem HealthAnthony DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Neurosurgeon, UCSF; health policy researcherAnish Koka, MD – Cardiologist, Philadelphia; healthcare policy commentatorDan Choi, MD, FAAOS – Orthopedic spine surgeon, Long Island; healthcare advocate and social media voiceSanat Dixit, MD, FACS – Neurosurgeon, Huntsville, AL; Faculty, Vanderbilt University; healthcare entrepreneur🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a text 🎯 Why Listen:Dive into a heated discussion on the future of healthcare, where leading physicians debate the merits of free market principles versus centralized healthcare planning. Discover why the current system may be failing and what can be done to steer it in a better direction.👥 Co-Hosts:Dutch Rojas – Founder, Bliksem HealthAnthony DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Neurosurgeon, UCSF; health policy researcherAnish Koka, MD – Cardiologist, Philadelphia; healthcare policy commentatorDan Choi, MD, FAAOS – Orthopedic spine surgeon, Long Island; healthcare advocate and social media voiceSanat Dixit, MD, FACS – Neurosurgeon, Huntsville, AL; Faculty, Vanderbilt University; healthcare entrepreneur📌 Episode Overview:This episode explores the contentious debate between free market healthcare and centralized planning. The co-hosts discuss the implications of current policies, the role of the AMA, and the potential for reform. They also touch on the influence of economists in shaping healthcare policy and the importance of maintaining competition in the healthcare market.💬 Notable Quotes:"The AMA is supposed to represent all physicians, but it often doesn't." – Dan Choi"Better healthcare should cost less." – Sanat Dixit"Let the market work. Don't just con." – Anish Koka📚What You’ll Learn:The impact of AMA policies on healthcare reform.The role of economists in healthcare policy.The benefits and drawbacks of free market healthcare.How subsidies affect healthcare costs and access.The importance of competition in improving healthcare quality.⏱ The Episode (Timestamps):[00:00] Introduction and Co-Hosts[05:30] AMA Meeting Insights[15:00] The Role of Economists in Healthcare[25:45] Free Market vs. Central Planning Debate[35:20] The Impact of Subsidies on Healthcare[45:00] Closing Thoughts and Future Directions🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a text📌 Episode Overview:In this episode, the co-hosts dive into the complexities of healthcare policy, discussing the impact of ACA subsidies, the role of insurance companies, and the potential for HSAs to empower patients. They explore the challenges of healthcare costs, the influence of government subsidies, and the need for a competitive marketplace.👥 Co-Hosts:Anthony DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Neurosurgeon, UCSF; health policy researcherAnish Koka, MD – Cardiologist, Philadelphia; healthcare policy commentatorDan Choi, MD, FAAOS – Orthopedic spine surgeon, Long Island; healthcare advocate and social media voiceSanat Dixit, MD, FACS – Neurosurgeon, Huntsville, AL; Faculty, Vanderbilt University; healthcare entrepreneur💬 Notable Quotes:"Fund patients, not processes.""Coverage is not care.""We need to walk and chew gum at the same time."📚 What You’ll Learn:The implications of ACA subsidies on healthcare costs.How HSAs can be a game-changer for patient empowerment.The importance of competition in reducing healthcare costs.⏱ The Episode (Timestamps):[00:00] Introduction and co-hosts' insights[10:15] Discussion on ACA subsidies and healthcare costs[25:30] The role of HSAs in patient empowerment[40:45] The need for competition in healthcare[55:00] Closing thoughts and future outlook🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X

Send us Fan MailSend us a textShow Link: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00274Why Listen 👥In this episode, the hosts delve into the complexities of the healthcare system, discussing the impact of large hospital systems as major employers, the broken window fallacy in healthcare, and the challenges of high premiums. They explore the historical context of certificate of need laws and site of service differentials, and how these contribute to rising healthcare costs. The conversation also touches on the role of government intervention, the influence of large health systems, and the potential for free market solutions.Co-HostsDutch Rojas – Founder, Bliksem HealthAnthony DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Neurosurgeon, UCSF; health policy researcherAnish Koka, MD – Cardiologist, Philadelphia; healthcare policy commentatorEpisode Overview 📌The episode covers the economic myths in healthcare, the influence of large health systems, and the potential for free market solutions. It also discusses the historical context of certificate of need laws and site of service differentials.Notable Quotes 💬"Healthcare systems as major employers can be problematic.""The broken window fallacy applies to healthcare economics.""High premiums are linked to market consolidation and subsidies."What You’ll Learn 📚The impact of large hospital systems as major employers.The role of certificate of need laws in healthcare costs.How site of service differentials affect healthcare pricing.The influence of government intervention in healthcare.Potential free market solutions to healthcare challenges.The Episode (Timestamps) ⏱00:00:00 Introduction to Healthcare Economics00:03:00 The Role of Hospital Systems00:09:00 Understanding High Premiums00:15:00 Certificate of Need Laws00:21:00 Site of Service Differentials00:27:00 Government Intervention in Healthcare00:33:00 Free Market Solutions🔗 Connect with the Hosts: • Dutch Rojas on X • Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X • Dr. Anish Koka on X • Dr. Dan Choi on X • Dr. Sanat Dixit on X🔗 Connect with the Hosts:• Dutch Rojas on X• Dr. Anthony DiGiorgio on X• Dr. Anish Koka on X• Dr. Dan Choi on X• Dr. Sanat Dixit on X