THO Podcasts

The NATO Summit in Review, with Analysis from Dr. Mark Meirowitz

Andrew Carpenter chats with Dr. Nilsu Gören, Program Manager at CRDF Global and Non-Resident Scholar at the Middle East Institute. They discuss nuclear nonproliferation issues within the Middle East and Turkey while taking stock of Biden's foreign policy objectives.

We’re back with Meagan, Andrew, and Joe as they chat about agro-industry, migration trends, and the housing markets in Turkey and Washington, DC. Thanks to Joe for his insights into Turkey’s culture and lifestyle!

In this episode, Joe talks with Dr. Yetkin Borlu on the importance of Turkey's position among global agro-industry, as well as the country's relationship with the United States.

Cyprus - Turkey - US relations with Dr. Serkan Birgel

The artist used is under Creative Commons:  Turku Nomads of the Silk Road.

THO Non-Resident Fellow Suha Cubukcuoglu discusses Turkey and Middle East relations with Tugce Camlica.

Joe Lombardo guest hosts Cold Turkey with his guest, Dr. John VanderLippe. They discuss the history of republicanism and politics in Turkey and how that developed the relationship with the United States since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Feel free to write into the show [email protected]

THO Podcast with Dr. Mark Meirowitz on U.S.-Turkey Bilateral Relationship and Recent Developments in the Middle East

Andrew Carpenter and Meagan Dashcund sit down with Joe Lombardo to discuss recent news from the U.S. and how this impacts the U.S.-Turkey relationship.  Write into the show [email protected]

Andrew and Meagan touch base on what they learned last episode and what questions they still have about Turkey's maritime foreign policy.  Feel free to write into the show! [email protected]

Andrew Carpenter and Meagan Dashcund sit down with THO Fellow Suha Cubukcuoglu for the second episode of Cold Turkey. 

THO Podcast

Andrew and Meagan reflect on their conversation with Joe Lombardo. They dive deeper into what they thought was most interesting and look ahead to U.S.-Turkish relations in 2021.

Andrew Carpenter and Meagan Dashcund sit down with THO Fellow Joe Lombardo for the first episode of Cold Turkey. Joe explains Turkish politics from Kemalism, to the 1970s, to today under Erdoğan.

The Influence of Media with Margo Steinhaus and Andrew O'Donohue

THO Podcast with Betsy Dribben with the Multifaith Alliance for Syrian Refugees

On June 13, 2019 the Turkish Heritage Organization hosted a teleconference conversation on Syria’s Idlib: The View from the Ground featuring speakers: Ammar Al Selmo, White Helmets Volunteer From Idlib; Bassam Rifai, National Board Chairman, Syrian American Council; and Mariam Jalabi, Representative to the UN for the Syrian National Coalition. After a brief introduction from THO’s Executive Director, Elvir Klempic, THO’s Communications Manager Savannah Lane directed the first question to Ammar Al Selmo to provide context and background for what is happening on the ground-level in Syria. Al Selma provide context that over half of the refugees are coming from other cities, such as Aleppo. Further, Al Selmo provided context of how dire the situation is, especially with the hospitals. Currently there are no hospitals in Idlib, and “people would rather die in their homes than try to make it to a hospital for treatment due to the pattern of bombing hospitals recently…help can be as far as 200km away for some people.” Additionally Al Selmo shed light on what he dubbed the “absence of accountability” in the region and that “hospitals are now not a place of refuge and healing, but a place of fear and danger.” Next, Mariam Jalabi discussed the current situation in Idlb and the importance of bringing women to the table to solve this problem. Jalabi discussed that a military solution is not a legitimate way to solve the problems in Syria and that it is critical to bring women to the table in large roles, sharing that “the masculine point of view when everything is militarized like this loses sight of the real people, such as women and children, that are suffering greatly because of the actions in Syria.” Jalabi further shared, that “only working with women can we bring an end to the conflict for good and it should be through diplomatic and political processes.” Next, Bassam Rifai addressed the question of the ceasefire. Rifai stated that “President Trump calling for safe zones isn’t going to work anymore, and the time to act is now.” Rifai also discussed that the Assad regime and allies have a change to retreat and gather themselves to prepare to mount another attack when we give them a reprieve such as this. Further, he mentioned the influence of Russia and the thinly veiled attempt at giving the armed forces an opportunity to increase intensity in the region. This has been their game plan in every opposition stronghold previously and the point of a ceasefire is to protect civilians, and Russia has obviously violated this. Speaking more on the ceasefire, Ammar Al Selmo and Mariam Jalabi both called for a new way to solve this crisis and the need of immediate assistance from the powerful international community. Through the assistance of the international community, Bassam Rifai shared his disappointment in the fact that “Congress has lacked the will to overcome hurdles to pass necessary legislation and the State Department and Congress will have to work together to stop Assad and his regime.”  Finally, Mariam Jalabi shared the challenges they face at the United Nations. Jalabi stated that the biggest challenge stems from Russia because there is absolutely no cooperation. The power U.N. comes from the power of the member states, cooperation, and coordination If they disagree (which with Russia involved and blocking everything they try to do, they will always disagree) there will be gridlock. Jalabi further explained that in order for the U.N. to act they must have the consent of the member states and currently with Russian opposition the UN doesn’t have a full consensus to provide humanitarian aid in Syria, therefore it is critical to encourage the international community to assist.

Weekly Roundup of International Response to COVID-19

The Turkish Heritage Organization hosted a recent teleconference on “Changing Dynamics: What’s next for Syria?” with Former Ambassador to Syria, Robert Ford, President of the Syrian American Council, Dr. Zaki Lababidi, and Associate Professor at Istinye University Aylin Unver Noi. Ambassador Robert Ford began the discussion by focusing on the recent U.S. troop withdrawal from Syria. According to Ambassador Ford, the way in which the U.S. troop withdrawal was announced and carried out was a mistake. It surprised many of our allies on the ground and displayed the confusion within the administration. He stated that the current U.S. policy is still confused and “it is not sustainable over the long-term.” Ambassador Ford also spoke on where the U.S. currently stands in regard to Syria. He stated that the U.S. government is not going to pursue a regime change in Syria, and instead will continue to focus on economic pressures against the current regime, such as sanctions. The U.S. stands by the current Syrian constitutional reforms talks in Geneva and has always wanted U.N. sponsored peace negotiations. Additionally, he commented that Turkey and the U.S. might take similar positions on the constitutional reforms talks, but it is unlikely they will collaborate any further. He stressed that the two countries need to recognize how deep the crisis is between Turkey and the U.S. Next, Aylin Unver Noi, discussed Turkey’s perspective on the recent changes in Syria. She first commented on the recent collaboration with Turkey and Russia on joint patrols in the area. Aylin Unver Noi stated that we may potentially see more collaboration between the two states because they have a shared interest in the northeastern part of Syria. Russia does not support any separatist groups in the region and recognizes that Turkey does have legitimate national security concerns that should be addressed. Due to this, both Russia and Turkey have a shared interest in creating a safe zone area, and this tactical relationship will remain. Additionally, she spoke on Turkey’s end goal in Syria. Turkey’s goals are pretty clear cut, Aylin Unver Noi detailed, as it opposes the Assad regime, supports constitutional changes, and creating a safe zone for refugees to return home. In order to do this, Turkey recognizes that it needs to eliminate terrorist threats in that area. According to Aylin Unver Noi, this return of refugees will “be aligned with international law and on a safe and voluntary basis. Of course, this is not a simple task, and Turkey “will need the help of the international community to achieve this.” Finally, Dr. Zaki Lababidi provided insight on the Syrian perspective in the region. He first spoke on the Syrian constitutional reforms talks in Geneva. Due to the recent changes on the ground, the Assad regime is more confident than ever. According to Dr. Lababidi, the “U.S. hastily withdrawal was a gift to Putin.” It allowed Russia and the Assad regime to gain more control over the region and this will negatively impact the ongoing talks in Geneva. Futhermore, Dr. Lababidi stated the Syrian civilians feel betrayed by the U.S., Turkey, and the international community as a whole. According to Dr. Lababidi the feelings of betrayal are strong against Turkey, now that it is collaborating with Russia, even though Turkey was Syria’s strongest supporter in providing help with refugees and aid. He stated that the Syrians believe that the international community is looking for a piecemeal solution for a complex issue and feel a strong sense of distrust for the international community. But with U.S. policy towards Syria in disarray and the recent impeachment news, he believes that the Syrian issue is currently not a high priority for the U.S.

As President Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins a second term, we hear how the economy could benefit by securing more American investment. Jason Tuvey is a senior emerging markets economist at Capital Economics and Ali Cinar is President of the Turkish Heritage Organisation, in Washington DC.

2016 has been a challenging year for Turkey’s previously prospering economy. Political and economic uncertainty fueled by global and regional geopolitical developments continue to complicate prospects for Turkey’s economy. Despite current risks, Turkish authorities continue to emphasize their seriousness about attracting and maintaining investments by focusing on a structural reform agenda. During this teleconference, Howard Beasey, the President of American-Turkish Council (ATC), a leading independent business organization, and Mustafa Ilbeyli, Senior U.S. Advisor at the Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT), the official organization for promoting Turkey’s investment opportunities, will inform the audience about sector-specific opportunities for investment in Turkey and challenges in 2017.

On Friday, January 24, the Turkish Heritage Organization hosted a teleconference on Turkey's Energy Policy in the E. Mediterranean and the latest in US-Turkey Energy Cooperation with Deputy Minister of Energy Natural Resources and Chair of the World Energy Council in Turkey, Alparsan Bayraktar. Alparsan Bayraktar began the discussion by addressing Turkey's substantial energy import dependency, which Bayraktar identified as the biggest challenge to Turkey's markets. He also discussed the latest energy market transition, which focused on security of supply, using local resources, and predictability in the market for investors. He touched upon Turkey's newly purchased drilling vessels and explored Turkish drilling in the Eastern Mediterranean region – acknowledging points of contention that have arisen over this drilling with other nations in the region. Finally, Bayraktar noted the obstacle that bilateral political relations between Turkey and the United States poses for improving Turkey-US energy relations, especially amid recent tensions between the countries leaders. Despite this, he remains focused on reducing Turkey's import dependency, mainly through Turkish drilling, and sees numerous other areas that American and Turkish companies can cooperate on in terms of energy.

THO Hosts Teleconference on Turkey’s Tech Startups Experts discussed the need for smart growth and increased transatlantic collaboration. On September 14, 2017, THO hosted a teleconference titled “Turkey’s Innovation Ecosystem: The Role of Tech Startups.” The teleconference brought together two prominent members of the Turkish-American tech ecosystem: Mr. Egemen Tas, CTO of the Innovation Lab at Comodo Security Solutions, and Dr. Erdogan Cesmeli, Executive Director of Catalyst at GE Ventures. Both speakers have long histories of working to spur entrepreneurship, innovation, and collaboration in both the Turkish and U.S. tech startup sectors. A third contributor, Ms. Selin Arslanhan Memis, Program Director of the Innovation Studies Program at The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), was also slated to participate; she was forced to withdraw due to medical emergency.

THO Weekly Brief, Season 2 Episode 2

THO Weekly Brief May 25 - June 1st, 2020

THO Weekly Brief May 20, 2020

THO Weekly Brief May 12, 2020

THO Weekly Brief May 6, 2020

THO Weekly Brief June 1 - 8th, 2020

THO Weekly Brief July 7, 2020

THO July 6 - 13 Podcast

THO Weekly Brief, 29 April 2020

THO Weekly Brief April 22, 2020

THO Weekly Brief April 13, 2020

THO Weekly Brief April 8, 2020

THO Weekly Brief April 1, 2020

THO Teleconference Offers Update on Operation Olive Branch A former U.S. ambassador to Syria and a D.C.-based expert discussed the political and military elements of Turkey’s operation in Afrin On March 20, THO hosted a teleconference on “Turkey’s ‘Operation Olive Branch’: An Update on the Political and Military Situation.” The teleconference was moderated by THO Executive Director Yenal Kucuker and featured the following speakers: •H.E. Amb. (Ret.) Robert S. Ford – Former U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2011-2014) •Oubai Shahbandar – International Security Program Fellow at New America and Defense Analyst for TRT World Osama Abu Zaid, a former spokesperson for the Free Syrian Army, was expected to join the teleconference but could not do so due to technical difficulties.

Former U.S. Ambassador and Leading Turkish Scholar Described the Diplomatic Measure as “Wrong” and “Counterproductive” On October 31, THO organized a teleconference addressing the ongoing U.S.-Turkey visa crisis. During the teleconference, the audience heard from Amb. Matthew Bryza (former U.S. Ambassador, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Europe and Eurasia, and Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council) and Prof. Ilter Turan (Professor of International Relations at Istanbul Bilgi University and President of the International Political Science Association).

THO Teleconference Analyzed the Coup Attempt and its Implications Experts from Istanbul, Washington, and Moscow Agreed that the western media has been painting an inaccurate picture of the coup attempt The attempted military coup in Turkey claimed the lives of 240 and wounded more than 1,400. The attempt, which failed mainly due to the unwavering solidarity of Turkish people for democracy and freedom, surprised people around the world and particularly in Washington. On Monday, July 25, Turkish Heritage Organization (THO) organized a teleconference “Democracy is Under Attack in Turkey” to discuss the recent coup attempt in Turkey, its consequences for Turkey's domestic politics, and implications on U.S. - Turkey relations. Dr. Michael Reynolds, Professor of Near East Studies at Princeton University, Dr. Joshua Walker, Fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the U.S., and Dr. Gulnur Aybet, Chair of Political Science and International Relations at Bahcesehir University, shared their analysis of the recent coup attempt in Turkey

THO Podcast - Adinda Khaerani

Distinguished experts discussed how Turkey’s operation in Afrin could impact U.S.-Turkey ties On January 24, THO hosted a teleconference on “YPG in Syria: Implications for the U.S. and Turkey.” The teleconference was moderated by THO Executive Director Yenal Kucuker and featured the following speakers: • Luke Coffey – Director, Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy, The Heritage Foundation • Kyle Orton – U.K.-based research fellow and Middle East political analyst There’s been a breakdown in trust between the U.S. and Turkey Both Coffey and Orton emphasized that the U.S.’ decision to support the YPG in Syria – despite Turkey’s security concerns – has contributed significantly to a breakdown in trust between Washington and Ankara. Coffey said that historians will look at this U.S. decision as the “biggest driver” of tensions between the U.S. and Turkey that have brought them to the current low point in their bilateral relationship. Orton underlined that while this difficult state of affairs will likely continue, it is unlikely that there will be a complete break between the U.S. and Turkey unless something “out of the blue” happens, such as if U.S. troops were to be killed during Turkey’s military operations in Syria. Turkey’s Afrin operation and its implications for U.S.-Turkey ties In the context of Turkey’s recently launched Operation Olive Branch against the YPG in the Afrin district of northwestern Syria, Coffey noted that the “flurry” of high-level dialogue between Washington and Ankara shows that the U.S. wants to “make this [current situation in northern Syria] work for everyone.” The problem is that the U.S. can’t make it work for all parties involved. According to Orton, it seems as if the U.S. is viewing Turkey’s Operation Olive Branch as the “price” for Washington’s continued support the YPG in northeastern Syria. Coffey stated that as long as Turkey’s military action remains limited to targeting PKK-linked militants in Afrin, no one in Washington policy circles will “lose any sleep.” Coffey emphasized that a more significant concern for the state of the U.S.-Turkey relationship would be if Turkey should choose to target YPG forces in areas where U.S. troops are already present, such as in northeastern Syria. Orton said that if the U.S. wishes to “pull back” from northern Syria instead of becoming deeply involved for the long-term, it faces a “binary” choice in which it must choose between either Turkey or the YPG. According to Coffey, the U.S. and the YPG should see their current relationship as a purely transactional one in which the YPG gains influence while the U.S. sees the defeat of ISIS. As such, the U.S. should avoid making any promises that it will support the political desires of the YPG and its associates in northern Syria. According to Orton, it will be impossible to see improvement in U.S.-Turkey relations if the U.S. continues to support the YPG, as it represents a security threat to Turkey, one of the U.S.’ NATO allies. For Coffey, the best-case scenario for Turkey’s Operation Olive Branch would be for Turkey to emerge out of the operation feeling that its border is more secure without having damaged U.S.-Turkey relations in the process. However, for Orton, Operation Olive Branch runs the risk of becoming a bloody and protracted conflict. It could also result in Assad being able to re-assert his control over Afrin, as it is unlikely that Turkey will stay in the territory once the operation is complete, as it has in parts of northern Syria following Operation Euphrates Shield.

On June 23, THO hosted a teleconference titled “Global Refugee Crisis: The Turkey Context” as part of its World Refugee Week activities. The teleconference brought together two prominent actors in the humanitarian sector: Dr. Kerem Kinik, President of Turk Kizilay (the Turkish Red Crescent), and Ms. Jana Mason, Senior Advisor for External Relations and Government Affairs at UNHCR. The two speakers discussed Turkey’s role in the global refugee crisis with special emphasis on Syrian refugees. With a refugee population of nearly three million, Turkey currently hosts more refugees than any other country.

Experts indicated that tariffs and trade wars are costly for regional and global stability On April 10, THO hosted a teleconference on “The Trump Administration’s Tariffs on Steel Imports: What’s Next for U.S.-Turkey Trade Relations.” The teleconference was moderated by THO Executive Director Yenal Kucuker and featured the following speakers: Kerem Cakir – Spokesperson for the Turkish Steel Exporters Association Dr. Gary Clyde Hufbauer – Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics

THO Advisor Former US Ambassador Ereli was hosted by Bloomberg Radio

The Turkish Heritage Organization hosted a teleconference on “Impact of Soleimani’s Death on the Middle East” with Senior Fellow and Director of The Iraq Initiative at the Atlantic Council, Dr. Abbas Kadhim, Professor of International Relations at Middle East Technical University, Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı, and Former Political Advisor at U.S. Central Command, Ramin Asgard. Abbas Kadhim began the discussion by providing a background of the recent US-Iran tensions. He observed that the latest events in US-Iran relations indicate a “positive exit” from further escalation. He went on to acknowledge that there is an overall sense of relief by other countries in the region where US troops are hosted that they will not be targets in continued retaliation. Iraq, being close allies with both the US and Iran, was caught in the middle of the conflict and condemned both countries’ attacks. Kadhim emphasizes that although tensions have settled for now, anything is possible, and this is not the end of the conflict. Next, Ramin Asgard discussed the importance of viewing the US-Iran conflict within the context of the domestic situation in the US, including the current impeachment process of President Trump and the 2020 election campaign. He also acknowledged the historical and political weight of this recent high escalation and crossing of long-established red lines by both countries. Asgard cautions the possibility of any of the several Iranian-backed proxies in Iraq making a move and retriggering conflict and stresses that actors who can influence decision-making should offer alternatives for a path forward not signaled through military action or media activity. He offers that Iraq could conceivably step into a mediator role and allow communication to take place for de-escalation. Finally, Hüseyin Bağcı provided an analysis of Turkey’s place between Iran, Russia, and the US. Iran is an enemy of the US and a competitor with Turkey and Saudi Arabia. However, Turkey is working with Russia and Iran on the Astana Process, or Syrian Peace Process, due to their important strategic geopolitical positioning. Bağcı offers that Americans and Turks can together contribute to the “New Middle East.” He pointed out that countries in the region, particularly Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, and Syria are not on good terms with Turkey and there are no direct channels for communication. Turkey must repair its relations with Arab nations. He also stressed that America is no longer alone in the Middle East and must accept the reality that Russia is another player present in the region for the foreseeable future. Finally, Bağcı emphasized that Turkey is not a key player but an important player for now and for the future. For Turkey, there is an opportunity to mediate between the US and Iran.

THO Teleconference Examines The Impact of The Jerusalem Decision Despite unified international response, bilateral Turkey-Israel relations unlikely to change On December 19, THO hosted a teleconference on “The Jerusalem Decision: The View from Washington, Tel Aviv, and Ankara.” The teleconference was moderated by Dr. Mark Meirowitz (Assistant Professor of Humanities at SUNY Maritime College; Chair of THO’s Advisory Board) and featured the following speakers: •Prof. Dr. Cagri Erhan – Rector, Altinbas University •Dr. Raphael Danziger – Senior Research Advisor and Editor-in-Chief Emeritus, AIPAC •Moran Stern – Adjunct Lecturer at the Center for Jewish Civilization, Georgetown University

The U.N. has warned that a military assault on Syria’s Idlib could potentially cause a humanitarian crisis, sending 800,000 people to displacement. In recent days Turkey has been appealing for a cease fire that would stall the offensive, however unsuccessfully. What does this mean for Idlib? As Syrian government troops, backed by Russia and Iran continue to advance toward the last rebel stronghold in the country, the world braces for what a top U.N. official has warned could be this century’s “worst loss of life”. THO will host a timely teleconference with Mouaz Moustafa, Yaha Al Aridi, and Aylin Unver Noi on the situation and what comes next for Idlib.

On Wednesday, October 17th, THO hosted a teleconference on “The Future of US-Turkey Relationship after Pastor Brunson’s Release.” The teleconference was moderated by THO’s Executive Director Elvir Klempic and featured the following speakers: Matthew Bryza – Former US Ambassador, Former Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe & Asia, Senior Non-Resident Fellow at Atlantic Council Hassan Basri Yalcin – Associate Professor, Director of Strategy at SETA Istanbul & Istanbul Commerce University To begin the teleconference, Hassan Yalcin commented on the Turkish public’s perception on the release of Pastor Andrew Brunson, explaining that there are two different camps of thought. On one side, the release is seen as a concession by the Turkish government to the United States, however the other side views it as a legal decision that is part of a larger negotiation process. He stated that Pastor Brunson’s case “was an emotional issue” for Turkey and the United States and now that it is resolved the two countries can once again speak to each other in a meaningful way. He developed this thought further when asked about Turkey’s expectations of its relationship with the United States. He commented on America’s aggressive foreign policy stance and how it has isolated the United States from Turkey and its other allies around the world. The United States criticizes Turkey for working closely with Russia in Syria, however it is the Americans’ inability to make concessions in Syria that has pushed Turkey closer to Russia. Mr. Yalcin explained that he does not see the relationship between Turkey and Russia as one that is long term, however the United States must be more flexible because “without a flexible partnership, we will continue to have issues.” Ambassador Bryza commented on his hopes for the restoration of US-Turkey relations, asserting that while this is not the turning point in the countries’ relationship, it is a starting point. This will allow the United States and Turkey to once again work more closely on the pressing issues that still remain. The ambassador offered more explanation on this topic, highlighting four different issues, when asked about future obstacles that would prevent US-Turkey coordination in the future. The difference in perception between Turkey and the United States on the 2016 coup attempt in Turkey, the status of Gulen’s extradition, Turkey’s relationship with Iran, and America’s strategic partnership with the YPG in Syria were all highlighted as eventual tectonic issues that will eventually need to be addressed as the US-Turkey relationship moves forward. During the question and answer session, Ambassador Bryza and Mr. Yalcin were asked about the long term plan for Syria after Manbij. Both highlighted the issue that the United States and Turkey face regarding the YPG. The ambassador commented that it is unclear how America will move from supporting a terrorist organization to restoring its alliance with Turkey in the region, especially with many in the U.S. Central Command believing that the YPG has proven itself and thus earned the ability to have a say in the post-war discussions. Hassan Yalcin added that there is a sense in the Turkish government that the U.S. is utilizing a delaying tactic when it comes to severing ties with the YPG. He explained that because of America’s inconsistent Syrian policy, it will be difficult to predict what the U.S. will do in Syria and the broader Middle East, making it difficult for the current US-Turkey relationship to be maintained. US - Turkey RelationshipPastor BrunsonTeleconferenceInternational Politics

The Turkish Heritage Organization hosted a recent teleconference discussion on “Brexit and the Future of the EU” with Distinguished Fellow of the Future Europe Initiative at the Atlantic Council Frances Burwell, and Former British Diplomat Sir Robert Cooper. The discussion begins with a question on what happened and let the nation to want to leave the European Union. Sir Robert Cooper discussed that it was a “series of accidents rather than a carefully thought out plan” and that there was a referendum because of problems that arose in the conservative party. Frances Burwell mentioned that some of the biggest factors to move forward with the idea of leaving the European Union stemmed from problems in the conservative party coupled with a struggle in a party system that doesn’t quite fit the modern needs of the nation anymore. Sir Robert Copper and Frances Burwell went on to discuss the current steps of the Brexit votes, process, and the importance of it all moving forward. Additionally the two distinguished guests provided key insight into predictions of what to expect moving forward and how something as large as Brexit can impact the European communities and international communications moving forward.