Today in the past

1953年4月25日，美国生物学家詹姆斯·沃森(James Watson)和弗朗西斯·克里克(Francis Crick) 在《Nature》杂志上发表的一篇题为《分子结构的衡量：细菌的核酸》的文章中首次揭示了人类历史上最重要的科学发现之一：脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的双螺旋结构。这个发现彻底改变了我们对遗传与进化的理解，由此开启了分子生物学时代，使遗传的研究深入到分子层次，“生命之谜”被打开，使得我们能够更好地了解遗传信息的传递和突变，为基因工程、分子医学等领域的研究奠定了基础。此外，它也启示我们，生命并不是一个孤立体系，而是与其他生物、环境、自然和人类的活动紧密相连。在以后的近50年里，分子遗传学、分子免疫学、细胞生物学等新学科如雨后春笋般出现，一个又一个生命的奥秘从分子角度得到了更清晰的阐明，DNA重组技术更是为利用生物工程手段的研究和应用开辟了广阔的前景。如今，随着科技的发展和人类对DNA的进一步认识，我们已经可以通过分析DNA序列来了解人类的起源、发展以及与其他生命形式的关系。通过基因检测了解个体的健康状况和潜在风险，甚至可以通过基因编辑技术改变遗传信息。因此，我们必须感谢沃森和克里克的伟大发现，他们开创了一条通向生命奥秘的新路！

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Brazil, a South American country, declared its independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822.南美国家巴西于1822年9月7日宣布脱离葡萄牙独立。 The nation is largest both in South America and Latin America, and it’s the fifth largest country in the world right after Russia, Canada, China, and the United States.巴西是南美和拉丁美洲最大的国家。同时也是仅次于俄罗斯，加拿大，中国和美国的世界第五大国家。 Brazil is also the only country in Americas whose official language is Portuguese. It is one of the most multi-culturally and ethnically diverse nations thanks to worldwide immigration over a century. The country is classified as an upper-middle income economy and is the richest in Latin America.巴西还是美洲唯一使用葡萄牙语作为官方语言的国家。由于一个多世纪以来的全球移民，它是最多元文化和种族多样化的国家之一。该国被列为中上等收入经济体，并且是拉丁美洲最富有的国家。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Google was founded by Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin on September 4, 1998.斯坦福大学学生拉里·佩奇和谢尔盖·布林于1998年9月4日创立了谷歌。The portal Google.com is the most visited website in the world, serving more than 70 percent of online search requests globally.门户Google.com是世界上访问量最大的网站，为全球70%以上的在线搜索请求提供服务。Today, the company, alongside Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft make up Big Four Tech Giants. Although a subsidiary of its parent, Alphabet, Google contributes virtually all the revenue via advertising. Despite all its success, Google is frequently criticized for privacy, antitrust, among others.如今，该公司与亚马逊、苹果和微软一起，成为四大科技巨头。尽管是母公司字母表的子公司，但几乎所有收入都是由谷歌通过广告来贡献的。虽然取得了巨大的成功，但谷歌经常因隐私、反垄断等受到批评。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The Persian Gulf state Qatar gained its independence from United Kingdom on September 3, 1971.波斯湾国家卡塔尔于1971年9月3日脱离英国获得独立。The country’s residents enjoy a high living standard and a well-established system of social services due to its oil wealth.由于该国拥有丰富的石油资源，因此居民享有较高的生活水平和完善的社会服务体系。 Military service is voluntary, and education is free although not compulsory. Healthcare and medical services are free through government programs. The capital city Doha is the most populous and is the political, economic, and educational center of the country.服兵役是自愿的，教育免费，但不强制。医疗保健和医疗服务通过政府项目免费（提供）。首都多哈是人口最多的城市，也是该国的政治、经济和教育中心。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Imperial Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945 which brought an end to World War II.1945年9月2日，日本帝国正式向盟国投降，结束了第二次世界大战。 The unconditional surrender of the Japanese Empire followed the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.日本帝国（的）无条件投降是在广岛和长崎被轰炸之后。 The official surrender was announced by the Japanese Emperor Hirohito. Representatives of the Empire of Japan signed the surrender documents on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay.官方正式投降是由日本天皇裕仁宣布的。日本帝国的代表在东京湾的美国战舰密苏里号甲板上签署了投降文件。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Nazi Germany invaded Poland which sparked the Second World War on September 1, 1939.1939年9月1日，纳粹德国入侵波兰，引发了第二次世界大战。The German troops applied what would become lightning war strategy. Poland was defeated quickly due to its outmoded military thinking and the antiquated military.德军采用了后来成为闪电战的战略。波兰因其过时的军事思想和落后的军事力量很快被击败。The war escalated into biggest and bloodiest war in history involving more than 30 countries. The war was regarded as a continuation of the First World War to resolve the unsettled disputes. World War II marked the decisive shift of power from western Europe toward the United States and the Soviet Union.这场战争升级为有史以来最大、最血腥的战争，涉及30多个国家。这场战争被认为是第一次世界大战的延续，以解决悬而未决的争端。第二次世界大战标志着权力从西欧向美国和苏联的决定性转移。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Uzbekistan, a country from Central Asia, gained its independence from Soviet Union on August 31, 1991.1991年8月31日，中亚国家乌兹别克斯坦脱离苏联独立。The country shares borders with Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country.该国与阿富汗、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦接壤。乌兹别克斯坦是一个干旱的内陆国家。This Central Asian country is the world’s leading cotton producer. It is also the primary producer of machinery and heavy equipment in the region. With substantial oil and gas reserves, Uzbekistan is a natural resource exporter.这个中亚国家是世界领先的棉花生产国。它也是该区域机械和重型设备的主要生产商。乌兹别克斯坦拥有大量的石油和天然气储量，是自然资源出口国。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Toyota Motor Corporation, or simply Toyota, was founded in Japan on August 28, 1937.丰田汽车公司，也就是丰田，于1937年8月28日在日本成立。The company was a former department of Toyota Industries whose owner was the father of the founder of Toyota, Kiichiro Toyoda. The spinoff was designed to manufacture automobiles.该公司曾经是丰田工业公司的一个部门。丰田工业公司的所有者是丰田创始人丰田喜一郎的父亲。分拆的目的是为了制造汽车。Toyota is one of the world’s largest companies and the leader to encourage the worldwide mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles. The company is listed on London, New York, and Tokyo Stock Exchange, respectively. Toyota is part of the Toyota Group which is one of the largest Japanese conglomerates.丰田是世界上最大的公司之一，也是鼓励全球大众市场采用混合动力汽车的领导者。该公司分别在伦敦、纽约和东京证券交易所上市。丰田是日本最大的企业集团之一丰田集团的一部分。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The English army led by King Edward III annihilated French force commanded by King Philip VI at the Battle of Crécy in Normandy on August 26, 1346.1346年8月26日，爱德华三世国王领导的英国军队在诺曼底的克雷西战役中消灭了菲利普六世国王指挥的法国军队。 This battle resulted the English victory against the French in the first decade of the Hundred Years’ War. Deadly longbow was used by the English which was regarded as one of the most decisive in history.这场战斗使英国在百年战争的头十年中战胜了法国。英国人使用了致命的长弓，这被认为是历史上最具决定性的（战役）之一。 The French casualties was very high compared to that of the English. This battle shocked the European leaders as a small but disciplined force overwhelmed the finest cavalry in the continent. It marked the decline of the knight and the rise of England as a world power.与英国相比，法国伤亡很高。这场战斗震惊了欧洲领导人，因为一支规模不大但纪律严明的部队击败了欧洲大陆最优秀的骑兵。它标志着骑士的衰落和英国作为世界强国的崛起。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Mexico and Spain signed the Treaty of Córdoba in the Mexican city Córdoba on August 24, 1821.1821年8月24日，墨西哥和西班牙在墨西哥城市科尔多瓦签署了《科尔多瓦条约》。 The treaty recognized Mexico as an independent constitutional monarchy and arranged for the withdrawal of remaining Spanish forces.该条约承认墨西哥是一个独立的君主立宪制国家，并安排撤出剩余的西班牙部队。 The prelude of this event was Napoleon’s occupation of Spain in the early 19th century which led to the outbreak of the revolts all across Spanish America. Initially, the Spanish Cortes refused to accept the treaty, but ultimately recognized the independent Mexico several years later.这一事件的前奏是19世纪初拿破仑对西班牙的占领，导致整个西班牙美洲爆发了起义。最初，西班牙议会拒绝接受条约，但数年后最终承认了独立的墨西哥。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Senegal, a Western African country, gained its independence on August 20, 1960.西非国家塞内加尔于1960年8月20日获得独立。 The country was a former member in the Mali Federation along with the French Sudan. This federation fell apart with both became independent nations.该国与法属苏丹曾是马里联邦的成员国。这个联邦分裂了，两国都成了独立国家。Senegal is known as the “Gateway to Africa” due to its unique location in the continent. It is one of the most visited countries in West Africa which is also a primary source of its foreign exchange. Climate change is expected to impact the economy and the population of Senegal.塞内加尔因在非洲大陆的独特位置而被称为"通往非洲的大门"。它是西非访问量最大的国家之一，也是其外汇的主要来源。气候变化预计将影响塞内加尔的经济和人口。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Coco Chanel, fashion designer who created timeless designs that are still popular today was born in France on August 19, 1883.创造了至今仍广受欢迎的永恒设计的时装设计师可可·香奈儿，于1883年8月19日生于法国。She started from the bottom as a seamstress and a club singer day in day out.她从底层做起，日复一日地当裁缝和俱乐部歌手。 Chanel was visionary at a time where women were expected to wear confining pieces. Drawing inspiration from menswear and practical necessity, she designed garments both fashionable and comfortable for women. Coco Chanel encouraged women to do the same — in fashion, and elsewhere.香奈儿在女性要穿紧身衣的时期颇具远见。她从男装和实际需要中汲取灵感，设计出既时尚又舒适的女士服装。可可·香奈儿鼓励女性在时尚和其他方面也这样做。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Genghis Khan, one of the most famous conquerors of history died on August 18, 1227.历史上最著名的征服者之一成吉思汗于1227年8月18日逝世。He united many of the nomadic tribes of Mongolia into a rigidly disciplined military state. Mongol Empire became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.他把蒙古的许多游牧部落联合成一个纪律严明的军事国家。蒙古帝国在他死后成为历史上最大的连续帝国。The name Genghis Khan translated as “Oceanic Ruler” or “Universal Ruler. He respected all kinds of talents and would often promote officers based on the skill and experience rather than class. As part of the ruthless expansion journey, he unexpectedly created the first international postal system.成吉思汗的名字翻译成“海洋统治者”或“宇宙统治者”。他尊重各种人才，经常根据技能和经验而不是阶级来提拔军官。作为无情扩张之旅的一部分，他意外地创建了第一个国际邮政系统。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Cyprus gained its independence from British Empire and became a republic on August 16, 1960.塞浦路斯于1960年8月16日脱离大英帝国成为共和国。 It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily and Sardinia. Cyprus is renowned for its mineral wealth, wines, and natural beauty.它是地中海中仅次于西西里岛和撒丁岛的第三大岛屿。塞浦路斯以其矿产资源、葡萄酒和自然美景而闻名。 Although geographically located in Asia, this island is politically a European country and a member of the European Union. The UK government provided financial assistance to this former British colony and Cyprus gained Commonwealth membership in 1961.虽然地处亚洲，但这个岛在政治上是一个欧洲国家，同时也是欧盟成员。英国政府也曾向这个前殖民地塞浦路斯提供过财政援助，后者于1961年获得英联邦成员国资格。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Pakistan gained its independence from Great Britain on August 14, 1947.巴基斯坦于1947年8月14日脱离英国独立。 The South Asian country was part of British India Empire, and it was partitioned into East and West Pakistan at its birth. The former part became Bangladesh years later.这个南亚国家是英属印度帝国的一部分，它在诞生时就被分为东巴基斯坦和西巴基斯坦。前者几年后变成了孟加拉国。 Trade is one of the major sectors in the Pakistani economy which employs a significant proportion of the nation’s workforce. The country’s favorite is cricket and it had produced some of the world’s best players including the current prime minister Imran Khan.贸易是巴基斯坦经济的主要行业之一，该领域雇佣了该国相当大比例的劳动力。这个国家最喜欢的是板球，它培养了一些世界上最好的球员，包括现任总理伊姆兰·汗。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The construction of the Berlin Wall started on August 13, 1961.柏林墙于1961年8月13日开始修建。 The division of the German capital city was expected following the split of the defeated German nation into four zones with eastern part went to the Soviet Union and the western part went to the US, UK, and France.德国首都的划分是在将战败的德国分裂成四个区之后进行的：东德归苏联，西德归美、英、法。 The Berlin Wall was one of the most powerful symbols of the Cold War. And it came down following the drastic change across Eastern Europe. One year after the fall of the wall, East and West Germany were formally reunited.柏林墙是冷战最有力的象征之一。在东欧剧变之后，柏林墙倒塌，一年后，东德和西德正式统一。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。IBM introduced the first Personal Computer known as the IBM PC or the IBM 5150 on August 12, 1981.1981 年8 月 12 日，IBM 推出了第一台称为IBM PC 或 IBM 5150 的个人计算机。 The giant entered the market following the growing popularity of computers from its competitor, namely Macintosh from Apple. IBM dominated the market quickly, at least for a while.随着竞争对手苹果的Macintosh电脑越来越受欢迎，这家巨头进入了这个市场。IBM迅速控制了市场，至少在一段时间里是这样。The PC was so popular that even rival Apple needed to make their computers look like IBM’s. IBM’s open architecture to use off-the-shelf parts for its hardware allowed quick copycat, and the choice of Microsoft’s DOS as its operating system gave Microsoft control of the OS market, both served to its downfall. This was an apparent but a smart business mistake that would change the life for decades to come.个人电脑非常受欢迎，甚至竞争对手苹果也需要让他们的电脑看起来像IBM的。IBM的开放式架构使用现成的硬件，这使得它可以快速被模仿，而选择微软的DOS作为操作系统，则使微软控制了操作系统市场，这两个因素都导致了它的衰落。这是一个明显却又聪明的商业错误，它将改变未来几十年的生活。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Germany adopted the Weimar constitution and became Weimar Republic on August 11, 1919.德国于1919年8月11日通过了魏玛宪法，成为魏玛共和国。Despite the new constitution, the Weimar Republic faced the most serious hyperinflation in German history. Also, war debts and reparations imposed on Germany due to the Treaty of Versailles became almost overwhelming.尽管有了新宪法，魏玛共和国面临着德国历史上最严重的恶性通货膨胀。此外，由于《凡尔赛条约》而强加给德国的战争债务和赔偿几乎成为压倒性的负担。This short-lived republic found itself hard to sustain till the rise of Nazi led by Adolf Hitler who not only exploited the fragile Weimar system, but shocked the world by taking absolute control over Germany.这个短暂的共和国发现自身很难维持下去，直到阿道夫·希特勒领导的纳粹崛起。希特勒不仅利用了脆弱的魏玛体系，而且通过对德国的绝对控制震惊了世界。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Louvre, the most-visited museum in the world, opened in Paris on August 10, 1793.世界上参观人数最多的博物馆卢浮宫，于1793年8月10日在巴黎开放。The Louvre Museum houses impressive art collections that span work from ancient civilizations to the mid-19th century.卢浮宫博物馆收藏了令人印象深刻的艺术品，这些藏品涵盖了从古代文明到19世纪中叶的作品。One of the masterpieces by Italian Renaissance painter and possibly the most famous one by Leonardo da Vinci, the Mona Lisa is there. The magnificent, baroque-style palace and museum is also one of the Paris’s biggest tourist attractions.意大利文艺复兴时期画家的杰作之一，可能也是达芬奇最著名的作品，蒙娜丽莎就在那里。（该）宏伟的巴洛克风格的宫殿和博物馆也是巴黎最大的旅游景点之一。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The Roman general Julius Caesar defeated Pompey the Great who commanded the army of the Roman Senate at Pharsalus in the Battle of Pharsalus on August 9, 48 BC.公元前48年8月9日，罗马将军朱利叶斯·凯撒在法萨卢斯战役中击败了指挥罗马元老院军队的庞贝大帝。Pompey fled to Egypt following the failure where he expected the assistance but assassinated consequently.庞贝在失败后逃到埃及，在那里他希望得到援助，但最终被暗杀。Caesar's ultimate victory as an undisputed victor marked the end of the Roman republic.凯撒作为无可争议的胜利者最终获胜，标志着罗马共和国的终结。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Ivory Coast, a West African country also known as Côte d'Ivoire, gained its independence from France on August 7, 1960.西非国家科特迪瓦，于1960年8月7日脱离法国获得独立。 This former French colony uses French as its official language and is the commercial hub of West Africa.这个前法国殖民地使用法语作为官方语言，是西非的商业中心。 The Ivorian economy mainly depends on the production of coffee and cocoa and is the world’s leading cocoa bean producer.科特迪瓦经济主要依靠咖啡和可可的生产，是世界领先的可可豆生产国。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。After 300 years of British rule, Jamaica gained its independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on August 6, 1962.经过300年的英国统治，牙买加于1962年8月6日在英联邦内获得独立。 Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea. This Caribbean island country was first colonized by Spain and then the British Empire later on.牙买加是加勒比海第三大岛屿。这个加勒比岛国首先被西班牙殖民，后来又被大英帝国殖民。 Despite being a small country, Jamaica has an incredible influence on the music around the world and is also known for its sports. Like its Caribbean counterparts, Jamaica’s economy relies heavily on tourism.尽管牙买加是一个小国，但它对世界各地的音乐有着令人难以置信的影响，并且以其体育闻名。与加勒比地区经济一样，牙买加的经济严重依赖旅游业。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in Moscow on August 5, 1963.1963年8月5日，美国、苏联和英国在莫斯科签署了《禁止核试验条约》。The major powers realized that the nuclear arms race reached a dangerous level and the public anti-war sentiment required their leaders to act to prevent any potential miscalculation by any side.大国意识到核军备竞赛已达到危险的程度，公众的反战情绪要求其领导人采取行动，防止任何一方可能的误判。This treaty banned all tests of nuclear weapons except those conducted underground. Although an obvious compromise, this was a significant step towards the arms control and common security.这项条约禁止除地下试验以外的所有核武器试验。虽然这是一个明显的妥协，但这是朝着军备控制和共同安全迈出的重要一步。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Great Britain declared war on Germany after the latter invaded Belgium and refused to accept the ultimatum to get out of it on August 4, 1914.1914年8月4日，英国在德国入侵比利时同时拒绝撤军最后通牒后向德国宣战。 The invasion followed Belgium refusal to allow German army to use the country to attack France.德国入侵的原因是比利时拒绝允许德国军队利用该国攻击法国。 The British decision of war infuriated the Germans who expected conflict with their historic enemies that are France and Russia, not the British Empire. The British choice was widely seen as the start of World War I.英国的战争决定激怒了德国人，他们期望与历史上的敌人——法国和俄罗斯，而不是大英帝国——发生冲突。英国的选择被广泛视为第一次世界大战的开始。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer whose dream was to find a westward route to India, began his first transatlantic voyage from the Spanish port of Palos on August 3, 1492.克里斯托弗·哥伦布，一个梦想是找到一条向西到印度的路线的意大利探险家，于1492年8月3日从西班牙的帕洛斯港开始了他的第一次跨大西洋航行。An expedition sponsored by Spanish King Ferdinand, his discovery of the New World made Spain the wealthiest and the most powerful nation on earth over the next century.这次远征是由西班牙国王费迪南德赞助的。哥伦布发现的新大陆使西班牙在下个世纪成为了世界上最富有、最强大的国家。Columbus, whose major contribution was to bring the New World to the forefront of the popular imagination both geographically and culturally. But this came with a huge cost as his exploration paved the way for European colonization and the destruction of the once vibrant cultures of the Native American civilizations which becomes impossible to understand now.哥伦布的主要贡献是在地理和文化意义上把新世界带到大众想象的前沿。但为此付出的代价是巨大的，因为他的探索为欧洲殖民铺平了道路同时曾经生机勃勃的美洲土著文明遭到了毁灭，这使得现在了解那些文明变得不可能。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Iraq invaded Kuwait over oil production and debt repayment which sparked the Persian Gulf War on August 2, 1990.1990年8月2日，伊拉克因石油生产和债务偿还问题入侵科威特，从而引发了波斯湾战争。After Iraqi president Saddam Hussein refused to accommodate the demand from the UN Security Council to withdraw from Kuwait, U.S.-led international force intervened.在伊拉克总统萨达姆·侯赛因拒绝接受联合国安理会提出的从科威特撤军的要求后，以美国为首的国际部队进行了干预。This short-lived modern war ended quickly with the devastating Iraqi defeat compared to that of the allied coalition. Hostility and distrust of various sides ultimately led to the Iraq War.这场短暂的现代战争很快就结束了。与盟军相比，伊拉克（伤亡）惨重。各方的敌意和不信任最终导致了伊拉克战争。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。United States President Bush and the Soviet Union President Gorbachev signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty which was an agreement to reduce nuclear warheads by more than 30% on July 31, 1991.1991年7月31日，美国总统布什和苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫签署了《削减战略武器条约》，即将核弹头削减30%以上。The 15-year duration treaty was observed by the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although difficult to enforce due to its complexity, it created a framework that ensured peace for certain extent.俄罗斯联邦在苏联解体后遵守了该为期15年的条约。虽然条约由于其复杂性而难以执行，但它创造了一个框架，在一定程度上确保了和平。Negotiations for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty began when US President Reagan first made the proposal to his Soviet counterpart Gorbachev at the Geneva Summit in 1985.《削减战略武器条约》的谈判始于1985年美国总统里根在日内瓦峰会上首次向苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫的提议。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Otto von Bismarck who was a Prussian statesman and the first chancellor of Germany, died near Hamburg on July 30, 1898.1898年7月30日，普鲁士政治家、德国第一任总理奥托·冯·俾斯麦在汉堡附近去世。 Known as the iron chancellor, he dominated the European affairs through his brilliant and ruthless implementation of realpolitik, a system of politics based on practical need over morality.被称为“铁血宰相”的他，通过对现实政治，一种基于实际需要而非道德的政治体系，卓越而无情的执行，主导了欧洲事务。 Bismarck also unified Germany and helped it to become a modern state. Although a conservative himself, Bismarck turned Germany into the first welfare state in the world which gained the support of the working class.俾斯麦也统一了德国，同时让德国成为了一个现代化的国家。虽然是一个保守派，俾斯麦把德国变成了世界上第一个福利国家，该点得到了工人阶级的支持。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The Arc de Triomphe, designed by Jean Chalgrin, was officially inaugurated in Paris, France on July 29, 1836.1836年7月29日，由让·查尔格林设计的凯旋门在法国巴黎正式落成。This massive triumphal arch is one of the world’s best-known commemorative monuments. It is also an iconic symbol of French national identity. The Tour de France bicycle race ends near it every year and annual military parade begins its journey at the arch.这座巨大的凯旋门是世界上最著名的纪念碑之一。它也是法国国家认同的标志性符号。环法自行车赛每年都在它附近结束，年度的阅兵仪式在拱门开始。The Arc de Triomphe is in honor of those who fought for France during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. It continuous to serve as an iconic symbol both to the France and the world.凯旋门是为了纪念那些在法国大革命和拿破仑战争期间为法国而战的人。它一直是法国和世界的标志性象征。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Peru, a country in western South America, declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821.秘鲁是南美洲西部的一个国家，于1821年7月28日宣布脱离西班牙独立。 This is a developing country whose economy is mainly dependent on the export of the raw materials to the developed countries for further processing.这是一个发展中国家，其经济主要依靠向发达国家出口原材料作进一步加工。The country name Peru was derived from a Quechua Indian word which implied land of abundance, a reference to the wealth produced by the rich and highly developed Inca civilization centuries ago.秘鲁这个国家的名字来源于一个克丘亚印第安语，意思是富饶的土地，指的是几个世纪前富裕和高度发达的印加文明所创造的财富。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated insulin successfully at the University of Toronto on July 27, 1921.1921年7月27日，弗雷德里克·班廷和查尔斯·贝斯特在多伦多大学成功分离胰岛素。 Insulin is a hormone that’s critical for the functioning of the cell and shortage of it means a disease called diabetes.胰岛素是一种对细胞功能至关重要的激素，它的缺乏意味着一种叫做糖尿病的疾病。 Diabetes, which was previously regarded as a fatal disease now can be treated thanks to Frederick and Charles. These two Canadian scientists were awarded the  in medicine later on.糖尿病，以前被认为是一种致命的疾病。多亏了弗雷德里克和查尔斯，现在可以被治疗。这两位加拿大科学家后来被授予诺贝尔医学奖。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The United States, Great Britain, and China signed the Potsdam Declaration in German city Potsdam, demanding unconditional surrender of Japan on July 26, 1945.1945年7月26日，美国、英国和中国在德国城市波茨坦签署了《波茨坦宣言》，要求日本无条件投降。Although the European phase of the conflict had ended as a consequence of German surrender, Japan remained committed to continue the fighting in the Pacific theatre.尽管欧洲阶段的冲突由于德国投降而结束，但日本仍然致力于继续在太平洋战区战斗。This declaration detailed the terms of surrender for Japan after the World War II including the occupation of certain areas.这份宣言详细说明了二战后日本投降的条件，（其中）包括占领（日本）某些地区。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Turkey and Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland on July 24, 1923.土耳其和协约国于1923年7月24日在瑞士洛桑签署了《洛桑条约》。 This was the final treaty concluding World War I after months of conference and it also recognized the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey who had to give up all the territories claimed by the Ottoman Empire.这是经过几个月的会议后缔结的第一次世界大战最后一个条约。它也承认了现代土耳其国的边界，但土耳其不得不放弃奥斯曼帝国声称拥有的所有领土。If the Allies had dealt leniently with Germany just as they did to Turkey instead of imposing humiliating terms, then one of the main causes of the Second World War could have been avoided.如果协约国像对待土耳其那样对德国采取宽容态度，而不是强加羞辱性的条款，那么第二次世界大战的一个主要原因本可以避免。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Alan Hale & Thomas Bopp discovered a comet independently on July 23, 1995.1995年7月23日，艾伦·黑尔和托马斯·波普独立发现了一颗彗星。Comet Hale-Bopp became visible to the naked eye nearly a year later.黑尔-波普彗星在近一年后变的肉眼可见。This comet was perhaps the most widely observed and one of the brightest seen.这颗彗星可能是观测范围最广、最明亮的彗星之一。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。William Wallace’s troops were defeated by King Edward I in the Battle of Falkirk on July 22, 1298.1298年7月22日，威廉·华莱士的军队在福尔柯克战役中被爱德华一世国王击败。His military reputation was ruined due to the failure and resigned his guardianship afterwards.他的军事声誉因失败而遭到破坏，后来辞去了（对苏格兰的）监护权。William Wallace was the subject of the movie Braveheart.威廉·华莱士是电影《勇敢的心》的主角。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the surface of the Moon on July 20, 1969.1969年7月20日，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为第一个踏上月球表面的人。He delivered his famous quote "that's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" when he took his first step.当他迈出第一步时，他发表了他的名言——"这是一个人迈出的一小步，是人类的一大步"。The Apollo 11 moon landing mission was one of the most astonishing achievements in human history.阿波罗11号登月任务是人类历史上最惊人的成就之一。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The Battle of Halidon Hill, a major war between England and Scotland, ended on July 19, 1333.英格兰和苏格兰之间的一场主要战争，哈利顿山战役，于1333年7月19日结束。This engagement was a consequence of both fragile and volatile relationship in the early 14th century.这场战斗是两者于14世纪早期脆弱和不稳定关系的结果。 The Scottish forces was completely routed in this battle with few English casualty.苏格兰军队在这场战斗中被彻底击溃，英军几乎没有伤亡。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Adam Smith, a Scottish social philosopher, and a political economist died on July 17, 1790.1790年7月17日，苏格兰社会哲学家、政治经济学家亚当·斯密去世。 He was best known as the author of the Wealth Of Nations, one of the most influential books ever written.他以《国富论》而闻名，这是有史以来最具影响力的著作之一。 Considered as the father of modern economics, Adam Smith argued against the practice of mercantilism and was an advocate of laissez-faire policy.亚当·斯密被认为是现代经济学之父，他反对重商主义的做法，主张自由放任政策。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The first atomic bomb was successfully tested by the US in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.1945年7月16日，美国在新墨西哥州成功地试验了第一颗原子弹。 Nazi Germany was the original target, but America dropped the bomb on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki which had devastating effect.纳粹德国是最初的目标，但美国向日本城市广岛和长崎投下了炸弹，造成了毁灭性的影响。 The billion-dollar effort was code-named as the Manhattan Project and ultimately ended the second World War and changed the wars fundamentally.这个数十亿美元的努力被代号为"曼哈顿计划"，最终结束了第二次世界大战，也从根本上改变了战争。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Twitter was released by one San Francisco-based podcasting company on July 15, 2006.2006年7月15日，一家位于旧金山的播客公司发布了推特。It’s an online news and social networking site where people can communicate in short messages.推特是一个在线新闻和社交网站，人们可以通过短消息进行交流。It was said people send tweets for various reasons: vanity, attention, boring self-promotion of their things, or simply boredom.据说人们发推特有各种各样的原因：虚荣、吸引注意、烦人的自我推销、或干脆就是无聊。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Hungarians defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Belgrade on July 14, 1456.1456年7月14日，匈牙利人在贝尔格莱德战役中击败了奥斯曼人。This battle was expected as the consequence of continued advances of the ambitious Ottoman Empire, one of the most feared powers in Europe.这场战斗是雄心勃勃的奥斯曼帝国持续推进的结果，该帝国曾是欧洲最令人恐惧的强国之一。The victory came at a cost for Hungarians with their war time leader died weeks later due to a plague.匈牙利人为胜利付出了代价：战争时期的领导人几周后死于瘟疫。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Spain and Britain signed one of the series of Treaty of Utrecht in the Dutch city Utrecht on July 13, 1713.西班牙和英国于1713年7月13日在荷兰城市乌得勒支签署了《乌得勒支条约》。 This treaty favored British empire with various benefits ranged from new territory and commerce.这项条约有利于大英帝国，其好处覆盖了从新领土到商业（等领域）。 The treaties ended the ambitions of hegemony of European powers and established the European system based on the balance of power.该（一系列）条约结束了欧洲列强霸权的野心，建立了以均势为基础的欧洲体系。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The Rolling Stones performed their first show at a club in London on July 12, 1962.1962年7月12日，滚石乐队在伦敦的一家俱乐部进行了他们的首场演出。The British rock band was so famous that it sustained quite a long consistent and global popularity.该英国摇滚乐队是如此的著名，以至于它在全球范围内持续了相当长时间始终如一的全球知名度。The Rolling Stones continued to release commercially successful albums which included Some Girls, one of the two best-sellers in their discography.滚石乐队继续发行着商业上成功的专辑，其中包括他们作品当中最畅销的两个之一一些女孩。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。The Bahamas gained its independence from the UK on July 10, 1973.巴哈马于1973年7月10日脱离英国独立。 It decided to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day.同一天，它决定留在英联邦。 The Bahamas relies on tourism and offshore banking and is one of the richest countries in the Americas.巴哈马依赖旅游业和离岸银行业务，是美洲最富有的国家之一。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Catherine the Great, who was the wife of Peter III, became the ruler of Russia on July 9, 1762.彼得三世的妻子，凯瑟琳大帝于1762年7月9日成为俄国的统治者。She was the longest-serving female politician in Russian history.她是俄罗斯历史上任职时间最长的女政治家。Like Peter the Great, Catherine the Great worked very hard to modernize Russia following Western European standards to let it be recognized as one of the great powers of Eurasia.和彼得大帝一样，凯瑟琳大帝也非常努力地按照西欧的标准使俄罗斯现代化，让它被公认为欧亚大陆的大国之一。

Copyrights matters: We’re deeply committed to high-end native content creation and fully aware of the critical need to respect the work of other dedicated and brilliant authors so as to make sustainable growth happen for not just the economy we’re in but all participants who will get his/her fair share from within. Serve the listeners and the industry is a blessing which we will never take for granted. We’re ready for modifications or even legal proceedings should we were found to do harm or simply misconduct for those with interest. Appreciate and thank you for being a responsive & law-abiding citizen.版权事宜：我们坚定地致力于高端原创内容的创作，并且充分意识到尊重其他敬业和才华横溢的作者的迫切需要，以使可持续发展不仅造福我们所处的经济，更是为所有参与者从其获得合理份额。为听众与这个行业服务是我们永远不会想当然的福分。如果被发现对利益关联方造成伤害或者是不当行为，我们已做好修改甚至是面临法律诉讼的准备。感激并感谢积极同时守法的你。Paris, the capital city of France, celebrated her 2,000-year old birthday on July 8, 1951.1951年7月8日，法国首都巴黎庆祝了她2000岁的生日。This city retains her reputation as a center for fashion and culture.这个城市保持着她作为时尚和文化中心的声誉。 Pairs is home to some 2 million residents, with additional millions living in the surrounding area.巴黎大约有200万居民，还有数百万人居住在周边地区。