viroLOGICAL

Before SARS-CoV-2, there was SARS-CoV-1 - a closely related coronavirus that caused a serious outbreak in 2002–2003 with a case fatality rate of around 10%. Unlike its successor, SARS-CoV-1 only became transmissible after symptoms appeared, which made it possible to identify and isolate infected people even without PCR tests. The virus spread from China to Hong Kong, Canada, Singapore, and Vietnam via superspreader events before a global effort managed to contain it by June 2003. The likely origin: horseshoe bats at wet markets in Guangdong, with palm civets and raccoon dogs as intermediate hosts.

A virus previously known only from shrimp farms and fish is now linked to a serious eye disease in humans. Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) has been detected in over half of fish samples and nearly two-thirds of crab samples tested at markets and a new study in Nature Microbiology (March 2026) connects it to a persistent form of viral uveitis that can permanently damage the optic nerve and lead to severe vision loss.

Rhinoviruses are a highly diverse group of RNA viruses responsible for about half of all common cold infections and are something most people encounter multiple times in their lives. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the biology of these non-enveloped viruses, their large number of strains, and how they infect the upper respiratory tract.

Lassa virus is a rodent-borne arenavirus that causes Lassa fever, a hemorrhagic disease endemic in West Africa with hundreds of thousands of infections each year. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the biology of this ambisense RNA virus, including its segmented genome and how it interacts with the immune system. The discussion covers transmission through contact with infected rodents, human-to-human spread via bodily fluids, and typical symptoms ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe disease with bleeding, organ failure, and neurological complications.

Hepatitis B virus is a globally widespread infection that primarily targets the liver and can lead to chronic disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the unique biology of this DNA virus, including its unusual replication strategy involving reverse transcription and its ability to persist in cells as a stable mini-chromosome.

Nipah virus is a highly lethal zoonotic pathogen that can infect both the respiratory tract and the brain, making it one of the most concerning emerging viruses.

ME/CFS (myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome) is a complex and often misunderstood disease that affects the nervous system, immune system, and energy metabolism. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the key symptoms, including severe fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep disturbances, and cognitive dysfunction, as well as the different levels of disease severity.

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a double-stranded DNA virus closely related to smallpox that has gained global attention in recent years. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the biology of the virus, its complex life cycle, and its ability to spread both through zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs such as rodents and through human-to-human contact, including close physical and sexual contact.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most common human viruses, infecting around 90–95 percent of adults worldwide. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the biology of EBV, a herpesvirus with a large DNA genome and a complex life cycle that includes both active replication and lifelong latent infection in B cells. The discussion covers how EBV spreads through saliva and close contact, why primary infection in adolescents often leads to infectious mononucleosis, and how the virus can persist silently in the body for decades.

Human papillomaviruses are among the most common viruses infecting humans, with more than 200 known types and up to 80 percent of people exposed during their lifetime. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains how HPV infects epithelial cells and why certain high-risk types are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases.

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, has become a global concern once again. In this episode, Florian Krammer explains the biology of influenza A viruses, how subtypes like H5N1 are defined by their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins, and why segmented genomes allow these viruses to reassort and evolve. He outlines the difference between low and highly pathogenic avian influenza, the molecular basis of increased virulence, and the historical spread of H5N1 since the late 1990s.

In this episode of viroLOGICAL, Florian Krammer explains the measles virus, one of the most contagious human pathogens known. He discusses the structure and transmission of the virus, its airborne spread, and why its very high R number makes outbreaks difficult to control.

In this episode of viroLOGICAL, Florian Krammer explains rabies, one of the deadliest infectious diseases known. He describes what the rabies virus is, how it is transmitted mainly through bites and scratches, and why symptoms almost always lead to death once they appear.

In the first episode of viroLOGICAL, Florian Krammer takes a fundamental look at viruses: What are viruses and why are they not considered living organisms? He explains how viruses replicate inside host cells, how they were first discovered, and why their size, shape and genetic makeup can differ so widely.

Florian Krammer is a virologist and vaccine developer. In his podcast viroLOGICAL he will talk about viruses on a weekly basis – from historical pandemics to current developments.