Annual Reviews

We're robbing future generations of a livable 🌍. Listen to this podcast to discover how we're depleting Earth's resources and what actions can help secure a sustainable future. As we approach the new year, what steps - big or small - can you take to make a difference? Note: this podcast is AI-generated and based on an article in the Annual Review of Environment and Resources: https://arevie.ws/GIR. The authors did not participate in creating the podcast.

This AI-generated podcast entitled "Authority and its Limits for a US President" provides a dynamic summary of an article published in the Annual Review of Political Science. The article's author did not participate in creating the podcast but has listened to and approved its content. Read the article: https://arevie.ws/Democracy_5 Listen to series (5/5): https://arevie.ws/Democracy_all

This AI-generated podcast provides a dynamic summary of the article "Law and Illiberalism: A Sociolegal Review and Research Road Map" published in the Annual Review of Law and Social Science. The article's author did not participate in creating the podcast but has listened to and approved its content. Read the article: https://arevie.ws/Democracy_4

This AI-generated podcast provides a dynamic summary of the article "Theories of Democratic Backsliding" published in the Annual Review of Political Science. The article authors did not participate in creating the podcast but has listened to and approved its content. Read the article: arevie.ws/Democracy_3 Podcast series: arevie.ws/Democracy_all

This AI-generated podcast provides a dynamic summary of the article "Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy" published in the Annual Review of Law and Social Science. The article's author did not participate in creating the podcast but has listened to and approved its content. Read the article: https://arevie.ws/Democracy_1

This AI-generated podcast provides a dynamic summary of the article "Polarization and the Judiciary" published in the Annual Review of Political Science. The article's author did not participate in creating the podcast but has listened to and approved its content. Read the article: https://arevie.ws/Democracy_2 Listen to series (2 podcasts to date): https://arevie.ws/Democracy_all

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 4 by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 3 by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 2d by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 2c by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 2b by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 2a by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 1b by Annual Reviews

Prosodic Prominence Across Languages: Supplemental Audio 1a by Annual Reviews

A conversation with Margaret Levi, Co-Editor of the Annual Review of Political Science by Annual Reviews

Audio 2a, corresponding to Figure 2a: Spectrogram of the (a) whistled and (b) spoken Greek sentence Kαλως´ ηρθατε ´ , τι θελετ ε ´ [kɑlɔs irθɑtɛ ti θɛlɛtɛ] ‘You are welcome, what do you want?’. Here, the whistled form consists of the emulation of the quality of spoken vowels and consonants (formant-based whistling). Figure adapted from Meyer (2015).

Audio 2b, corresponding to Figure 2b: Spectrogram of the (a) whistled and (b) spoken Greek sentence Kαλως´ ηρθατε ´ , τι θελετ ε ´ [kɑlɔs irθɑtɛ ti θɛlɛtɛ] ‘You are welcome, what do you want?’. Here, the whistled form consists of the emulation of the quality of spoken vowels and consonants (formant-based whistling). Figure adapted from Meyer (2015).

Audio S14, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 14: The Tamazight word [ud:iz] ‘punch’ (transcribed in the instituted Moroccan Tamazight alphabet Tifinagh). In all the figures of this paper, the spoken signal is amplified of 15 dB to be more visible and easy to compare with the whistled signal. Figure reproduced from Meyer J, Gautheron B, Ridouane R. 2015. Whistled Moroccan Tamazight: phonetics and phonology. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. London: Int. Phon. Assoc. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0930.pdf (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0).

Audio S11b, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 11b: Spoken and whistled forms of (left) [ʃm.mart] and (right) [k.ʃm] (where . indicates syllable boundary). Figure reproduced from Meyer J, Gautheron B, Ridouane R. 2015. Whistled Moroccan Tamazight: phonetics and phonology. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. London: Int. Phon. Assoc. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0930.pdf (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0).

Audio S11a, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 11a: Spoken and whistled forms of (left) [ʃm.mart] and (right) [k.ʃm] (where . indicates syllable boundary). Figure reproduced from Meyer J, Gautheron B, Ridouane R. 2015. Whistled Moroccan Tamazight: phonetics and phonology. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. London: Int. Phon. Assoc. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0930.pdf (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0).

Audio S10b, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 10b: Two whistled Spanish words: (a) /adio(s)/ (meaning: good bye); (b) /amigo/(meaning: friend). They share the same vowels /a, i, o/ that are rather steady notes but differ in the modulations imprinted by the consonants /d, s/ or /m, g/. One can note also the modulation of the hiatus between vowels /i/ and /o/ of /adio(s)/. Figure reproduced from Meyer J. 2015. Whistled Languages: A Worldwide Inquiry About Whistled Speech. Berlin: Springer.

Audio S10a, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 10a: Two whistled Spanish words: (a) /adio(s)/ (meaning: good bye); (b) /amigo/(meaning: friend). They share the same vowels /a, i, o/ that are rather steady notes but differ in the modulations imprinted by the consonants /d, s/ or /m, g/. One can note also the modulation of the hiatus between vowels /i/ and /o/ of /adio(s)/. Figure reproduced from Meyer J. 2015. Whistled Languages: A Worldwide Inquiry About Whistled Speech. Berlin: Springer.

Audio S9c, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 9c: Spectrograms of the Gavião word tatía [tatia] in three modalities. (a) Spoken pitch was extracted in blue, (b) bilabial whistling, (c) hand whistling (listen also to corresponding 3 audio files Audio S9a, b, c). Figure reproduced from Moore D, Meyer J. 2014. The study of tone and related phenomena in an Amazonian language, Gavião of Rondônia. Lang. Doc. Conserv. 8:613–36 (CC BY-NC-ND).

Audio S9a, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 9a: Spectrograms of the Gavião word tatía [tatia] in three modalities. (a) Spoken pitch was extracted in blue, (b) bilabial whistling, (c) hand whistling (listen also to corresponding 3 audio files Audio S9a, b, c). Figure reproduced from Moore D, Meyer J. 2014. The study of tone and related phenomena in an Amazonian language, Gavião of Rondônia. Lang. Doc. Conserv. 8:613–36 (CC BY-NC-ND).

Audio S9b, corresponding to Supplemental Figure 9b: Spectrograms of the Gavião word tatía [tatia] in three modalities. (a) Spoken pitch was extracted in blue, (b) bilabial whistling, (c) hand whistling (listen also to corresponding 3 audio files Audio S9a, b, c). Figure reproduced from Moore D, Meyer J. 2014. The study of tone and related phenomena in an Amazonian language, Gavião of Rondônia. Lang. Doc. Conserv. 8:613–36 (CC BY-NC-ND).

Economist Hélène Rey has been working on trying to predict crises using machine-learning techniques. A reliable tool would be a boon for authorities seeking to regulate markets to prevent or mitigate economic catastrophes. Dr. Rey, a professor of economics at the London Business School, talked to Annual Reviews Editor-in-Chief Richard Gallagher.

Air pollution is one of the world’s top 10 health threats, and now scientists can enlist satellites, but also citizens and their devices to help fight it. Annual Reviews President and Editor-in-Chief Richard Gallagher chats with Michael Jerrett, from the Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is an expert in geographic information science, for exposure assessment, and special epidemiology. They talked about air pollution, its ubiquity, its cost on human health, and the new technologies that we can use today to track it across the world.

Digging space for the age of stars can tell us about galaxy formation and the role of dark matter. New technical advances are opening up the field even more.

What if doctors could collect cancer cells from each patient, grow them in a lab, and test them against different drugs to see which worked best? Hans Clevers, of the Hubrecht Institute in the Netherlands and member of the Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, is working to make that happen.

Thirteen percent of people in the U.S. are unable to access or use the internet, and this is creating a new underclass, says Nicol Turner-Lee, of the Brookings Institution.

Communicating science effectively is a necessity. It is also a skill, which many scientists do not master. Dietram A. Scheufele, of the University of Wisconsin, says there are many pitfalls to avoid.

A live panel discussion on social interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic, moderated by Susan Fiske, from the Department of Psychology at Princeton University and Editor of the Annual Review of Psychology. View the video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayYqRM_SdcA&feature=youtu.be Read stories from Annual Reviews Pandemic Life: https://www.annualreviews.org/shot-of-science/pandemic-life

Creating products that can replace meat requires a staggering amount of knowledge of molecular biology, physics, chemistry, physiology, psychology, engineering, and social sciences. Julian McClements, Professor at the Department of Food Science at the University of Massachusetts and co-Editor of the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, says that’s what it takes to create sustainability while pleasing meat lovers. Annual Reviews Editor-in-Chief Richard Gallagher interviewed him about it.

Ep. 2: Conny Aerts. Conny Aerts, of the University of Leuven, says quakes creates waves that lets them measure gases inside stars, their density, temperature, chemistry. Oftentimes these data tell a very different story from the information gathered by observing the surface of stars, pushing scientists to refine and improve their models. Annual Reviews Editor-in-Chief Richard Gallagher interviewed Dr. Aerts, who is also an editorial committee member of the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Here is a lightly edited transcript of this conversation. Read the full transcript here: https://www.annualreviews.org/shot-of-science/multimedia/starquakes Find her profile here: https://fys.kuleuven.be/ster/staff/conny-aerts

Ep. 3: Tim Besley. How do people’s values evolve? What drives policy? Tim Besley, of the London School of Economics, has explored these questions focusing on the model of environmentalism. Using the tools of economics, he studies the cultural dynamics that drive social change. Annual Reviews Editor-in-Chief Richard Gallaher interviewed Dr. Besley, who is currently the president of the Econometric Society and an editorial committee member of the Annual Review of Economics. Here’s a lightly edited transcript. Read the full transcript here: https://www.annualreviews.org/shot-of-science/multimedia/economics-of-social-movements Find his profile here: http://www.lse.ac.uk/economics/people/faculty/tim-besley

Nancy Grace Roman is interviewed by Joss Bland-Hawthorn for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Supplemental Audio 4. Binaural unmasking at low frequencies, version 2 (listen over headphones). The demo is identical to audio 3, except that the roles of the tones is reversed. Now it is the higher-pitched tone which is played anti-phasically, making it more audible against the noise for most listeners. Supplemental audio from the 2019 review by Philip X. Joris and Marcel van der Heijden, "Early Binaural Hearing: The Comparison of Temporal Differences at the Two Ears," from the Annual Review of Neuroscience: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061925?utm_source=soundcloud&utm_medium=ne.joris&utm_campaign=suppvideo

Supplemental Audio 3. Binaural unmasking at low frequencies, version 1 (listen over headphones). A noise is played. Listen carefully for faint pulsed tones mixed in with the noise. Toward the end, the noise is faded out and the tones become clearly audible. Two tones having slightly different pitch (two semitones apart) are alternated. Which of these two was more audible when the noise was still playing, the lower-pitched one or the higher-pitched one? They differ not only in their pitch, but also in their interaural phase. In this instance the low-pitched tone is presented antiphasically, which improves its audibility for most listeners. The higher-pitched tone is less audible because it is presented in-phase, preventing the use of binaural information for its detection. It is also instructive to listen to this demo monaurally by lifting one earphone and letting it rest e.g. on the temple of the head, while listening to the other earphone: the binaural effect, here the unmasking of the antiphasic tone, should then disappear. When listening monaurally over the other ear, the tones should still be inaudible. This shows that binaural detection is really “listening between the ears.” That is, with both ears you can hear things unheard of by either ear alone. Supplemental audio from the 2019 review by Philip X. Joris and Marcel van der Heijden, "Early Binaural Hearing: The Comparison of Temporal Differences at the Two Ears," from the Annual Review of Neuroscience: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061925?utm_source=soundcloud&utm_medium=ne.joris&utm_campaign=suppvideo

Supplemental Audio 2. High-frequency binaural beat (listen over headphones). The two tones are now 2000 and 2008 Hz. When listening over headphones the spatial roughness is no longer heard, as the phase is no longer preserved above 1500 Hz. Note: when placing both speakers of the headphone next to one ear, the interaction of the acoustic waveforms cause a regular (acoustical) beat, which is easily heard. Supplemental audio from the 2019 review by Philip X. Joris and Marcel van der Heijden, "Early Binaural Hearing: The Comparison of Temporal Differences at the Two Ears," from the Annual Review of Neuroscience: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061925?utm_source=soundcloud&utm_medium=ne.joris&utm_campaign=suppvideo

Supplemental Audio 1. Low-frequency binaural beat (listen over headphones). Two tones of slightly different frequency are played to the two ears, causing a running phase difference that is perceived as a “spatial roughness.” This requires that phase information is preserved in the neural coding of the sounds, which is the case for low frequencies of this demo: 500 and 508 Hz. [Note: computer sound reproduction is typically affected by many soft- and hardware components. It is essential for this demo to have clean separation between the electrical signals going to each earphone. This is easily checked by lifting one earphone and letting it rest e.g. on the temple of the head, while listening to the other earphone: the binaural effect, here the “roughness”, should then disappear. If it doesn’t, this is an indication of (electrical) interaction somewhere in the computer’s reproduction of the signals to the two earphones.] Supplemental audio from the 2019 review by Philip X. Joris and Marcel van der Heijden, "Early Binaural Hearing: The Comparison of Temporal Differences at the Two Ears," from the Annual Review of Neuroscience: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061925?utm_source=soundcloud&utm_medium=ne.joris&utm_campaign=suppvideo

Interview between Dr. Gil McVean, Dr. Deborah Charlesworth and Dr. Brian Charlesworth.

Charles V. Hamilton, Wallace Sayre Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Government at Columbia University, speaks about his life and career with Fredrick C. Harris, Dean of Social Science and Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, on July 13, 2017, at the University of Chicago.

A Conversation with Jaan Einasto

Walter Munk talks about his life and career in marine science with Carl Wunsch for the Annual Review of Marine Science.

Barry M. Staw, Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business, talks about his life and career with Frederick P. Morgeson, Eli Broad Professor of Management at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University.

Barry M. Staw, Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business, talks about his life and career with Frederick P. Morgeson, Eli Broad Professor of Management at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University.

Barry M. Staw, Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business, talks about his life and career with Frederick P. Morgeson, Eli Broad Professor of Management at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University.

Barry M. Staw, Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business, talks about his life and career with Frederick P. Morgeson, Eli Broad Professor of Management at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University.

Barry M. Staw, Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business, talks about his life and career with Frederick P. Morgeson, Eli Broad Professor of Management at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University.

Barry M. Staw, Professor Emeritus at the Haas School of Business, talks about his life and career with Frederick P. Morgeson, Eli Broad Professor of Management at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University.