The Rest is Climate Podcast

This Rest is Climate Podcast discusses the formal adoption of the Belém Adaptation Indicators at COP30, which establish a framework for protecting global cultural heritage from climate change. This initiative aims to operationalise the Global Goal on Adaptation by creating measurable targets for preserving both physical sites and intangible traditions. The authors advocate for an ambitious approach that integrates Indigenous and local knowledge while avoiding excessive administrative burdens by aligning with existing UNESCO inventories. They highlight critical gaps, such as the need for better climate-resilient infrastructure reporting and improved access to adaptation finance for heritage custodians. Ultimately, the sources reposition heritage not just as a vulnerable asset, but as a dynamic driver of social resilience and sustainable development. Progress is measured through a mix of quantitative metrics and narrative-based assessments to capture the complex, relational value of cultural continuity. The podcast is based on the recent article from the Climate Risk Lab published in npj Climate Action, 'An Ambitious Global Goal on Adaptation for Heritage', https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-026-00379-x 

This Rest is Climate podcast discusses how extreme heat negatively affects educational outcomes for children in low- and middle-income countries. The research highlights that rising temperatures disrupt learning through direct physiological and cognitive stress, while also indirectly hindering school access by damaging agricultural livelihoods and household income. While the evidence consistently shows that heat diminishes performance in mathematics and verbal tests, results for high-stakes university exams remain mixed due to varying levels of student preparedness. Beyond academic scores, the studies indicate that prolonged heat exposure can lead to increased absenteeism and lower school completion rates. Mediating factors like gender, socio-economic status, and classroom infrastructure further complicate these impacts, suggesting that vulnerable populations face the greatest risks. Ultimately, the authors advocate for climate-resilient school infrastructure and social safety nets to protect the educational progress of children in warming climates.   This Rest is Climate podcast draw on the recently published article from the Climate Risk Lab in Environmental Research Communications, "The potential effects of heat extremes on educational outcomes of children in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review", https://doi.org/10.1088/25157620/ae6037 

  这项由气候风险实验室和中国研究人员共同开展的研究，对中国39处世界文化遗产进行了全面的气候风险评估，涵盖148处具体遗址及其保护缓冲区。该研究结合专家见解和未来气候预测，揭示了到21世纪末，几乎所有被评估的遗址都将面临中度至极度风险，原因是气温上升和降水强度增加。数据尤其凸显了古代建筑结构的脆弱性，例如五台山，它们极易受到极端降雨和冻融循环的影响而发生物质退化。除了这些标志性地标之外，作者还强调，数以千计鲜为人知的遗产遗址仍未得到保护，记录不足，面临着全球变暖带来的更大威胁。因此，该研究呼吁迫切需要从被动保护转向积极的适应策略，包括采用基于自然的解决方案和建立数字化清单。这种系统性的筛选是优先分配保护资源、确保中国丰富文化遗产长期传承的重要工具。 本期“气候影响下的遗产保护”播客重点介绍了Lei等人于2026年发表在《npj Heritage Science》上的研究成果：《中国世界文化遗产地的气候风险评估》（https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02512-9  

This research from the Climate Risk Lab and researchers in China provides a comprehensive climate risk assessment for 39 of China’s Cultural World Heritage properties, encompassing 148 specific sites and their protective buffer zones. By integrating expert insights with future climate projections, the study reveals that nearly all examined locations will face moderate to extreme risk by the late 21st century due to rising temperatures and intensified precipitation. The data specifically highlight the vulnerability of Ancient Architectural Structures, such as Mount Wutai, which are particularly susceptible to material degradation from extreme rainfall and freeze-thaw cycles. Beyond these flagship landmarks, the authors emphasise that thousands of lesser-known heritage sites remain unprotected and under-documented, facing even greater peril from a warming world. Consequently, the text advocates for an urgent shift from passive preservation to active adaptation strategies, including the use of nature-based solutions and digital inventories. This systematic screening serves as a vital tool for prioritising conservation resources to ensure the long-term survival of China’s extensive cultural legacy. This Rest is Climate Podcast highlights the findings of Lei et al., 2026. Climate risk assessment of Cultural World Heritage Sites in China, npj Heritage Science, https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02512-9

The Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) serves as a pioneering framework for synthesising worldwide climate change adaptation data, originally established to support major international assessments like the IPCC 6th Assessment Report. Through a reflective survey of 59 participating researchers, this source evaluates the project's impact, reliability, and procedural feasibility, noting significant success in community-building and policy influence. The analysis highlights a critical trade-off between broad global coverage and local contextual depth, while also identifying geographic and linguistic biases inherent in relying solely on English-language academic journals. To address these limitations, the authors recommend integrating grey literature and diverse knowledge systems to ensure a more equitable representation of adaptation efforts. Furthermore, the source advocates for the strategic adoption of machine learning and natural language processing to manage the expanding volume of climate research through hybrid human-AI workflows. Ultimately, these findings provide a foundational roadmap for "GAMI 2.0," aiming to create a more inclusive, real-time evidence base for global climate policy. This podcast draws on the recently article published in the Nature family journal Communications Sustainability, 'Ways forward for global adaptation evidence synthesis building on the global adaptation mapping initiative', https://doi.org/10.1038/s44458-026-00071-5 

This podcast highlights the necessity of advancing the science and practice of climate risk management (CRM) in response to escalating global climate risks and insufficient current adaptation efforts. Extreme weather and "new climate normals" demonstrate the inadequacy of traditional responses, forcing a critical reflection on how CRM has evolved since its origins in the late 1990s. To prepare for the coming decade, the authors encourage research addressing several interrelated frontiers, including improvements in adaptation decision support and finance, which currently suffers from a significant funding gap. Further crucial research areas include examining the connections between climate change and human and national security, as well as the responsible application of emerging technologies and innovation like artificial intelligence. Finally, the authors stress the need to focus on equitable adaptation and justice to avoid reinforcing existing social inequalities, alongside rigorous evaluation and learning mechanisms to sustain effective, long-term change. The podcast is based on research from the Climate Risk Lab: Critical science for the next decade of climate risk management,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100770

Hierdie Rest is Climate-podsending dek Suid-Afrika se Tweede Nasionaal Bepaalde Bydrae (NDC), 'n formele dokument wat in Oktober 2025 ingevolge die Paryse Ooreenkoms gekommunikeer is. Hierdie Suid-Afrika se NDC skets die land se verbintenisse rakende versagting, aanpassing en ondersteuning vir die tydperk 2031-2035, wat die vordering vanaf sy eerste NDC demonstreer. Sleutelkomponente sluit in 'n versagtingsteikenreeks vir 2035 (320-380 Mt CO2-ekwivalent) en 'n Regverdige Oorgang na netto nul CO2-uitlatings teen 2050. Dit gee ook besonderhede oor agt nasionale aanpassingsdoelwitte met gepaardgaande finansieringsbehoeftes (ZAR 250 miljard vir aanpassing tussen 2026-2035) en wy 'n afdeling aan die aanspreek van verlies en skade as gevolg van toenemende klimaatsimpakte. Die NDC raam sy benadering op grond van billikheid, nasionale omstandighede en die behoefte aan beduidende internasionale klimaatsfinansiering om sy ambisieuse doelwitte te bereik. Die bespreking is gebaseer op navorsing gelei deur die Climate Risk Lab wat die tegniese grondslag gelê het vir en die opstel van Suid-Afrika se Tweede Nasionaal Bepaalde Bydrae kragtens die Paryse Ooreenkoms, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-10/South%20Africa%27s%20second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution_2025.pdf#page=2.08

This Rest is Climate podcast covers South Africa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), a formal document communicated in October 2025 under the Paris Agreement. This South Africa’s NDC outlines the country’s commitments regarding mitigation, adaptation, and support for the period 2031-2035, demonstrating progression from its first NDC. Key components include a mitigation target range for 2035 (320-380 Mt CO2-eq) and a Just Transition to net zero CO2 emissions by 2050. It also details eight national adaptation goals with associated finance needs (ZAR 250 billion for adaptation between 2026–2035) and dedicates a section to addressing loss and damage from increasing climate impacts. The NDC frames its approach based on equity, national circumstances, and the need for significant international climate finance to achieve its ambitious goals. The discussion is based on research led by the Climate Risk Lab that laid the technical foundation for and drafting of South Africa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-10/South%20Africa%27s%20second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution_2025.pdf#page=2.08

This podcast highlights how both the impacts of climate change and our responses to climate change affect climate change risk of structural economic transformation. examines Structural Economic Transformation (SET) in a world impacted by climate change, asserting its continued importance for poverty reduction and resilience. It highlights how climate change necessitates adaptations in development strategies, from diversifying production away from vulnerable sectors to capitalising on green economy opportunities, which are also influenced by geopolitics. The authors investigate how climate change and global responses affect national SET efforts and cross-border economic transformation, using case studies from Ethiopia, Jamaica, Kenya, Bangladesh, and Kazakhstan to illustrate diverse national experiences. The paper identifies a "green squeeze" through trade and finance policies by major industrial powers, but also proposes a "green ease" through reformed trade measures, R&D in green technologies, and supportive financial systems. Ultimately, it argues that advancing SET, alongside climate adaptation, is critical for all countries, with existing development initiatives now also serving to build climate resilience and competitiveness in a low-carbon economy. It is based on work from ODI Global and the Climate Risk Lab: Securing structural economic transformation in a climate-changed world. ODI Global Working paper. London: ODI Global, www.odi.org/publications/securing-structural-economic-transformation-in-a-climate-changed-world

This Rest is Climate podcast examines the critical role of Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) in climate change adaptation in Africa. They highlight how ILK, encompassing traditional wisdom, practices, and observations, is crucial for African communities, particularly smallholder farmers, in forecasting weather patterns, managing natural resources, and ensuring food security. The texts also acknowledge the challenges to ILK's continued use, such as urbanisation, colonial influences, and a lack of formal recognition and documentation, while stressing the importance of integrating ILK with modern scientific approaches for more effective and inclusive climate adaptation strategies across the continent. It is based on research from the Climate Risk lab covering: Role of Indigenous and local knowledge in seasonal forecasts and climate risk preparedness: a case study of smallholder farmers in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe, Environmental Science and Policy, 145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.017 Is indigenous knowledge serving climate adaptation? Evidence from various African regions, Development Policy Review, https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12664 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change Adaptation in Africa, Environmental Science and Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.06.004 The role of indigenous knowledge and local knowledge in water sector adaptation to climate change in Africa: A structured assessment, Sustainability Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01118-x Understanding responses to climate-related water scarcity in Africa, Science of The Total Environment, 806(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150420

This podcast focuses on recent advances in complex climate change risk assessment for adaptation and discusses how to better assess and manage the intricate and interconnected risks posed by climate change. It highlights promising opportunities for action in areas like cities, coastal zones, and finance, advocating for the implementation of new methodologies. These methods, such as participatory modelling and adaptation pathways planning, aim to overcome challenges like uncertainty and complexity by providing more actionable insights for decision-makers. The podcast then discusses five key enablers for effective and equitable adaptation, including integrating equity, avoiding maladaptation, investing in accessible knowledge, incorporating diverse expertise, and assessing local feasibility. The podcast is drawn from research at the Climate Risk Lab on the theme: Advances in complex climate change risk assessment for adaptation. npj Clim. Action 4, 74 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-025-00281-y   

This podcast discusses the financial landscape of climate change research concerning Africa. It analyses a substantial database of research grants from 1990 to 2020, revealing that a disproportionately small fraction of global climate research funding targets Africa, despite the continent's high vulnerability to climate change. Most of this funding originates from and is received by institutions in Europe and North America, with African institutions receiving only a small percentage. The research also investigates thematic priorities, noting a greater focus on climate impacts and adaptation over mitigation, and an uneven geographical distribution of funding across African nations, often aligning with former colonial ties rather than climate vulnerability. The podcast then reflects on approaches, that can help overcome these challenges, including decolonial ones. The podcast draws on research from the Climate Risk Lab on: Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go? Climate and Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609 Decolonising climate change-heritage research, Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01279-8 Decoloniality and anti-oppressive practices for a more ethical ecology, Nature, Ecology & Evolution, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01460-w 

This podcast discusses climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies across Africa, categorising findings by sub-regions and various sectors. It highlights how socio-economic, political, and environmental factors intersect to create multi-dimensional climate change exposure and vulnerability, particularly for those in informal settlements, women, children, and the elderly. It highlights challenges in climate finance, governance, and the integration of indigenous knowledge into adaptation planning. Furthermore, it details how climate change affects crucial areas like health, food security, migration, and infrastructure, while also discussing the potential of climate information services and robust legal frameworks to foster climate-resilient development. The podcast also explores the nexus between water, energy, and food security, underscoring the complexities and interdependencies requiring holistic solutions. This podcast draws on work led by the Climate Risk Lab through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6th Assessment Report (Chapter 9: Africa) and includes: Africa. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.011 Climate change in South Africa: Risks and opportunities for climate-resilient development in the IPCC Sixth Assessment WGII Report. South African Journal of Science;118(9/10), https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/14492

This podcast gives a a comprehensive overview of research on human adaptation to climate change, primarily drawing from the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI). We examine where, how, and to what extent adaptation responses are being implemented globally, covering various geographical regions, sectors, and the types of climate hazards addressed. A significant focus is placed on the involvement of diverse actors, from individuals and households to governments and civil society organizations, and the policy tools that support or hinder adaptation efforts. Furthermore, the sources critically assess the consideration of social equity in adaptation, the feasibility of different adaptation options, and the presence of constraints and limits to effective adaptation, including instances of maladaptation and the potential for transformational change.  The podcast draws on research from the Climate Risk Lab including: A systematic global stocktake of evidence on human adaptation to climate change. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01170-y A global assessment of actors and their roles in climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01824-z Adaptation to compound climate risks: a systematic global stocktake, iScience, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105926 Dichotomy or Continuum? A global review of the interaction between autonomous and planned adaptations. Ecology & Society, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-15335-300118 Progress and gaps in climate change adaptation in coastal cities across the globe. Nature Cities. 10.1038/s44284-024-00106-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44284-024-00106-9 Human adaptation to climate change in the context of forests: a systematic review. Climate Risk Management, 100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100573 Between tinkering and transformation: A contemporary appraisal of climate change adaptation research on the world's islands. Frontiers in Climate. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.1072231 Tradeoffs and Synergies Across Global Climate Change Adaptations in the Food-Energy-Water Nexus, Earth's Future, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021EF002201 Feasibility assessment of climate change adaptation options across Africa: An evidence-based review. Environmental Research Letters (Special Issue on Evidence Synthesis for Climate Solutions). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac092d What climate change adaptation is happening in conflict-affected areas? Discover Sustainability. 2(42) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-021-00052-9 A global assessment of policy tools to support climate adaptation, Climate Policy, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.2002251 Closing the Adaptation Gap in Mountains, Mountain Research and Development, 41(3):A1-A10. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00033.1 Equity in human adaptation-related responses: A systematic global review, One Earth, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.001 Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation, Regional Environmental Change, 21(85), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01808-9 The effects on public health of climate change adaptation responses: a systematic review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, Environmental Research Letters, (16) 073001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac092c Climate change adaptation to extreme heat: A global systematic review of implemented action, Oxford Open Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgab005

This podcast examines the multifaceted concept of climate security through the lens of various nations and international bodies, particularly the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). It discusses how countries like South Africa, Belgium, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Indonesia, Niger, Russia, the UK, and Vietnam perceive and address climate change as a risk and a security issue, often categorising it into national, human, and ecological security frameworks. The texts explore how these perceptions influence their climate risk responses through domestic policies, defense strategies, and foreign diplomacy, highlighting the increasing trend of integrating climate change into security discussions, despite initial resistance from some nations or concerns about the militarisation of climate change. The podcast draws on research led by the Climate Risk Lab: The challenges of the increasing institutionalization of climate security. PLOS Climate. 3(4):e0000402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000402 Climate Security in the Anthropocene: Exploring the Approaches of United Nations Security Council Member-States, Springer Anthropocene Series, (Series Ed.) Brauch, H.G., Springer Nature, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26014-8 Securing a Climate-resilient Pathway for South Africa. In: Hardt, J.N., Harrington, C., von Lucke, F., Estève, A., Simpson, N.P. (eds) Climate Security in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26014-8_11 A Framework for Assessing Climate Security. In: Hardt, J.N., Harrington, C., von Lucke, F., Estève, A., Simpson, N.P. (eds) Climate Security in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26014-8_1 Climate Security at a Crossroads: The Evolution and Future of Climate Security in the United Nations Security Council and its Member States. In: Hardt, J.N., Harrington, C., von Lucke, F., Estève, A., Simpson, N.P. (eds) Climate Security in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26014-8_17

This podcast discusses the idea of Climate Resilient Development (CRD), a concept that integrates adaptation and mitigation with sustainable development to achieve a liveable future. It emphasise that a narrowing window of opportunity necessitates urgent and fundamental shifts in current development approaches, moving beyond traditional economic growth models towards inclusive, just, and equitable outcomes.  It draws on research from the Climate Risk Lab on: Pathways for urgent action towards climate resilient development, Nature Climate Change, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02190-0 Climate-resilient development planning for cities: progress from Cape Town, Nature partner journal Urban Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-023-00089-x Climate Resilient Development Pathways in Global Drylands, Anthropocene Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44177-022-00027-z

This podcast outlines how we can better assess and respond to complex climate change risks. It highlights how multiple drivers of risk interact and how various risks can compound or cascade. Existing assessment frameworks often fail to fully account for these interactions. Three categories of increasing complexity are discussed: interactions among single drivers, interactions of multiple drivers within risk determinants (hazard, vulnerability, exposure, and response), and interactions among multiple distinct risks. Integrating responses to climate change as a determinant of risk is crucial for more informed decision-making and effective interventions. This podcast draws on the following work from the Climate Risk Lab: A framework for complex climate change risk assessment. One Earth, 4(4), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.03.005 Adaptation to compound climate risks: a systematic global stocktake, iScience, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105926 Complex climate change risk and emerging directions for vulnerability research in Africa, Climate Risk Management, 40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100497

This podcast outlines the latest understanding on complex climate change risk, included how our responses to climate change can increase current and future risks. It covers the escalating climate change risks, the current state and limitations of adaptation efforts, the complex nature of transboundary impacts, and the implications for global sustainable development and climate response. It is based on the following research from the Climate Risk Lab: Risk from responses to a changing climate, Climate Risk Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100487 A framework for complex climate change risk assessment. One Earth, 4(4), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.03.005  Adaptation to compound climate risks: a systematic global stocktake, iScience, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105926  Complex climate change risk and emerging directions for vulnerability research in Africa, Climate Risk Management, 40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100497 Simpson & Williams. 2025. Transboundary adaption to climate change: governing flows of water, energy, food and people, https://odi.org/en/publications/transboundary-adaption-to-climate-change-governing-flows-of-water-energy-food-and-people/  Key Risks Across Sectors and Regions. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. et al., (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.025 

This podcast discuss impact of climate change on cultural and natural heritage, and the evolving strategies for adaptation, with a particular focus on Africa. Content is drawn form the following research from the Climate Risk Lab: African Heritage Sites threatened as sea-level rise accelerates. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01280-1 Curating transformation can strengthen adaptation and minimise losses and damages. npj Climate Action. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-025-00210-z Decolonising climate change-heritage research, Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01279-8 White Paper II: Impacts, vulnerability, and understanding risks of climate change for culture and heritage: Contribution of Impacts Group II to the International Co-Sponsored Meeting on Culture, Heritage and Climate Change. Charenton-le-Pont & Paris, France: ICOMOS & ICSM CHC, URL: https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2718/ Heritage adaptation to climate change: reducing risk and harnessing opportunities. ODI Working Paper. London: ODI Global, www.odi.org/en/publications/heritage-adaption-to-climate-change-reducingrisk-and-harnessing-opportunities/

What does the latest research on public understanding of climate change in Africa tell us about how it relates to adaptation options on the continent like migration? This podcast showcases new research that shows: Climate change literacy in Africa, defined as awareness of climate change and understanding its anthropogenic cause, is highly variable across the continent and strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors, particularly education and gender. Africans primarily assign responsibility for climate action to their own governments, followed by ordinary citizens, with historical emitters being least often selected. Socio-demographic factors and state capacity significantly influence these attributions. The escalating impacts of climate change necessitate nuanced and synthetic research on "climate mobility" – the movement and immobility of people directly or indirectly linked to climate impacts. This research must clarify conditions for effective adaptation, acknowledge diverse outcomes, and integrate with broader development planning. It draws on the following research developed out of the Climate Risk Lab: Climate Change Literacy in Africa. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01171-x African governments are primarily responsible for climate action, according to their citizens, Communications Earth & Environment, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02244-x Research Priorities for Climate Mobility, One Earth, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.02.002