#1 Digestion and Absorption

DIGESTION · Stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity. · Verimiform appendix arises from caecum. · Descending colon opens into rectum which opens out through anus. · Serosa is made up of thin mesothelium - epithelium of visceral organ. · Mucosa forms crypts of lieberkuhn between the bases of villi and gastric glands in stomach. · Salivary glands are secreted just outside buccal cavity and secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity. · Liver - 1.2-1.5kg in adult situated in abdominal cavity. · Hepatic lobules are struc. and func. unit arranged in form of cords. · Each lobule has thin connective sheath called glisson's capsule. · Bile is secreted by hepatic cells and stored and concentrated in thin muscular sac called gall bladder. · cystic duct + hepatic duct = common bile duct · common bile duct + pancreatic duct = common hepatopancreatic duct opens into duodenum and is guarded by sphincter of oddi. · C shaped duodenum. J SHAPED STOMACH. · 30% starch hydrolysed in buccal cavity via. Salivary amylase into dissachride and marks the initiation of the process of digestion. · Stomach stores the food for 4-5 hours. · Bile + pancreatic juice + intestinal juice are released into small intestine. · pancreatic juice contains inactive enzymes (6) - trypsinogen chymotrypsinogen procarboxypeptidases amylases lipase and nucleases · Bile activates lipases. · the breakdown of biomacromolecules occur in duodenum while simple substances are absorbed in jejunum and ileum regions of small intestine. # GCV · Carbs - 4.1 kcal · Proteins - 5.65 kcal · Fat - 9.45 kcal # PV · Carbs - 4 kcal · Proteins - 4 kcal · Fat - 9 kcal · Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. · Chloride ions absorbed by simple diffusion. · Na+ Glucose animosity acids absorbed by active transport. · Micelles in intestinal mucosa. Which are reformed into chylomicrons transported into lymph vessels/lacteals in the villi. · Absorption takes place in mouth Stomach small and large intestine but maximum in small intestine. · mouth - drugs , Stomach- water sugar alcohol , large intestine- water mineral drugs. · vomit centre- medulla · constipation- faeces retained in colon. · marasmus is produced by a simultaneous deficiency of protein and calorie in infant less than 1 year in age. · Often happens when mother has 2md pregnancy when the older infant is still too young. · kwashiorkar is produced by protein deficiency unaccompanied by calorie deficiency. Caused from replacement of mother's milk by high calorie low protein diet in a child more than 1 year of age. · in both show wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development. · unlike marasmus, some Fat is still left under the skin. Moreover extensive oedema and swelling of body parts are seen.