29. Long COVID Roundtable

This week on Pulm PEEPs, Dave and Kristina are joined by Jason Maley and Ann Parker, two pulmonary and critical care physicians who are leaders in treating patients with Long COVID, or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2. Both of them help run the Long COVID clinics at their respective institutions and are part of broader consortiums dedicated to patient care. They also both participate in research to improve outcomes for patients with Long COVID and Post-Intensive Care Syndrome. In this conversation, we cover the diagnosis of Long COVID, common symptoms, abnormal test findings, possible mechanisms of disease, the impacts of variants and vaccines, treatments, and the natural history of this condition. We hope this will be helpful for providers, patients, and family members. Meet Our Guests Jason Maley is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. He is the Director of the BIDMC Critical Illness and COVID-19 Survivorship Program, and the Co-Chair of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Postacute Sequeleae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) initiative. He is NIH funded to study post-COVID patients. Ann Parker is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins and is the Co-Director of the Johns Hopkins Post-Acute COVID-19 team. She is NIH funded with her research focusing on survivors of respiratory failure and critical illness. Key Learning Points Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or Post-COVID condition Long COVID was first described this way by patients so this is the common nomenclature that is used. It is also referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or Post-COVID conditionDefined by patients that have not returned to their baseline health 3 months after their acute episode of COVID-19Major organizations in describing this disease and doing research are:World Health OrganizationMultiple patient-led organizationsCDC – INSPIRENIH – RECOVER Post-COVID Clinic Seeing patients across the spectrum of illness. Not all patients had to be critically ill or hospitalizedThe standard patient has changed over time and now the vast majority had a mild initial illness, but afterward had unusual and persistent symptomsPatients are generally referred by their PCP or self-referredThe criteria for being seen in clinic are very loose to make sure patients are not excludedMany patients do not have a confirmed case of COVID since patients early in the pandemic often did not have a positive test available, and now many people are testing positive at homeInitial records review to make sure that can help patientsStandardized questionnairesScreening for physical impairment, mental health impairment, and cognitive impairmentRehabilitation and multi-disciplinary based approachIt is extremely important to be aware of the bias in patient populations in Post-COVID clinicsThe population that can make it to clinic may not, and does not, represent all patients who have had COVID or have Long COVID. Patients may be limited in their ability to get to clinic based on their physical condition, financial resources, location, support, and language barriers. Overlap of Long COVID and PICS These conditions are very similar and certainly have a lot of overlapFor patients coming out of the ICU, screening should start with looking for known PICS symptoms.These domains are mental health, physical impairment, and cognitive functionThere may be some unique aspects, such as:Severe persistent fatigueExtreme changes in taste and smell Common symptoms Many symptoms are complex and multifactorialNeuropsycholgoicl impairment – termed “brain fog”Difficulty with concentration, and cognitionAnxietyDepressionPersistent shortness of breathDyspnea can be reported even with just talking for long periods of time“Deep breaths are just not satisfying”CoughChest painDysautonomiaPalpitations, dizziness, orthostasisFatiguePost-exertional malaiseCognitive blunting or “brain fog”Changes in sleepHeadaches Common findings on testing in patients with Long COVID Shortness of breathSome may have impaired diffusion (low DLCO) on PFTsHowever, often patients have normal or near-normal PFTs10 – 20 % have air trapping on inspiratory/expiratory chest CTs that could indicate bronchiolitisOne study showed that CPETs showed impaired oxygen extractionPreserved cardiac output to exercise and no evidence of deconditioningThis study indicated an issue at the peripheral level (ex: vascular, mitochondrial) with oxygen extraction. Variants It is very difficult to say if variants differ in rates of Long COVID given that often patients do not get sequencing to know the variant and because there is overlap in the timing of variantsFurther testing will continue on this going forward Vaccines Reduced risk of Long COVID with vaccinationBoosting further decreases the risk compared to just the initial vaccinationThere is a variable response to getting vaccinated if a patient has Long COVIDMost patients tolerate it well and some patients have relief of symptomsThere are some patients who can develop worsened Long COVID symptoms References and further reading Chippa V, Aleem A, Anjum F. Post Acute Coronavirus (COVID-19) Syndrome. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Accessed November 14, 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570608/Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P. Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ. 2021;374:n1648. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1648Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Tahir P, et al. Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(10):e2236057. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601-615. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-zSoriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102-e107. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):626-631. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y