4.6 - Emotions: Universal or Constructed?

This episode examines Paul Ekman's studies in New Guinea, which used forced-choice lists of six emotion words to claim facial expressions are universal, and shows how later replications by Gendron and Barrett, using free naming, found people sorting the same faces differently across cultures. You learn decades of research have failed to find reliable bodily patterns for emotions like anger or fear. One Ekman finding holds up: Japanese and American students watching an unpleasant film reacted similarly alone, but Japanese participants masked their reaction with a smile before an authority figure, revealing a display rule, not felt difference. It also covers the collapse of terror management theory, the claim that reminders of death make people cling harder to their worldview.