435: E. coli TGT binds two tRNAs — cryo-EM reveals dual engagement

Ember M et al., PNAS - This episode examines a cryo-EM study of Escherichia coli tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT) that solves the enzyme structure and its covalent intermediate with tRNATyr. Unexpectedly, the TGT homodimer can form covalent intermediates with two tRNAs simultaneously. The work maps peripheral RNA-binding residues required for activity and uses those insights to design higher-affinity dual-TAG RNA substrates for improved RNA-TAG labeling. Key terms: tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, cryo-EM, tRNA modification, RNA-TAG, Escherichia coli. Study Highlights:Using cryo-EM, the authors solved E. coli TGT and its covalent intermediate with tRNATyr and observed that the functional homodimer can form covalent intermediates with two tRNAs, displaying C2 symmetry. They identify peripheral residues (K285, K292, R320, Y35) and a dynamic loop (L98–I104) that stabilize the flipped anticodon loop and are required for covalent intermediate formation. Mutational analysis shows loss of activity for key substitutions, and structure-guided design of dual TAG32 hairpins yields markedly higher-affinity RNA substrates for RNA-TAG labeling. Biophysical assays estimate TAG3 KD ~3–5 µM versus dual TAG32 KD ~0.7–1 µM. Conclusion:The cryo-EM structures revise the canonical model of TGT function by demonstrating dual-substrate engagement and revealing peripheral binding determinants that enable both antibiotic-targeting strategies and improved, high-affinity RNA-labeling reagents. Music:Enjoy the music based on this article at the end of the episode. Article title:Cryo-EM reveals that Escherichia coli tRNA-transglycosylase can bind and act upon two tRNAs First author:Ember M Journal:PNAS DOI:10.1073/pnas.2601895123 Reference:Ember M. Rutha, Mariusz Matyszewski, Alexander Harjung, Jaehee Park, Caroline Knittel, Evan McCormack, and Neal K. Devaraja. Cryo-EM reveals that Escherichia coli tRNA-transglycosylase can bind and act upon two tRNAs. PNAS. 2026;123:e2601895123. doi:10.1073/pnas.2601895123 License:This episode is based on an open-access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) – https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Support:Base by Base is independent and ad-free — no sponsors, no paywall. If an episode was worth your time, chip in and keep the papers audited and the original songs coming:❤️ Support monthly: https://buy.stripe.com/cNifZhclVebvagk2JDgEg01☕ One-time donation: https://donate.stripe.com/7sY4gz71B2sN3RWac5gEg00 More at basebybase.com On PaperCast Base by Base you'll discover the latest in genomics, functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics. Episode link: https://basebybase.com/episodes/ecoli-tgt-dual-trna-cryoem QC:This episode was checked against the original article PDF and publication metadata for the episode release published on 2026-08-07. QC Scope:- article metadata and core scientific claims from the narration- excludes analogies, intro/outro, and music- transcript coverage: Audited sections describing (i) the cryo-EM structure of E. coli TGT and its covalent intermediates with tRNA, (ii) binding of two tRNAs and C2 symmetry, (iii) peripheral RNA-binding residues and their mutational analyses, (iv) the L98–I104 dynamic loop and A37 flipping, (v) Y35 involvement, (vi) R112 cross-monomer int- transcript topics: Cryo-EM structure of E. coli TGT and covalent intermediate; Dual tRNA binding and C2 symmetry; Peripheral RNA-binding residues outside active site (K285, K292, R320, Y35, R112); Dynamic loop L98–I104 and anticodon loop A37 flipping; Mutational analyses and effects on covalent intermediate formation; Structure-based design of dual TAG32 hairpins and KD measurements QC Summary:- factual score: 10/10- me...