Analysis of Schopenhauer’s views on solitude

Few philosophers agree with the positive views on solitude put forward by Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). I am going to make comparisons, identify the differences, and look for the truth. Aristotle (384-322 BC) acknowledged the value of solitude for learning and self-awareness, but considered it impossible for humans to reach their full potential without social connections. By “social connections,” Aristotle did not mean only family and friends; his definition of “social connections” encompasses the “polis,” that is, a Greek city with a population around three hundred thousand people in the case of Athens. In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle defines “eudaimonia” (translated as “happiness”) as the outcome of flourishing. It’s a dynamic state of mind arising from activities: work, art, sports, learning, etc. A large part of those activities require social interaction. It’s possible to achieve happiness in solitude, but not to the highest level. For instance, the pleasure of conversation with friends or from competing in sports cannot be easily replaced. Like Schopenhauer, Aristotle held solitude in high regard in order to enhance self-reliance and self-confidence. It supplies a quiet environment for examining one’s actions, identifying one’s goals, and making plans for the future. In the Middle Ages, the balance tipped in favour of solitude, which many regarded as a virtue. For instance, St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) often retired into the woods for periods of solitary reflection. Solitude, although intermittent, was an important part of St. Francis’ lifestyle, coupled to poverty, simplicity and spirituality in the Christian context. St. Francis regarded solitude as a method for achieving a deep understanding of God, nature and society. During his long retirements, he sought tranquillity and practised prayer. From time to time, he walked away from his community to spend a couple of weeks in a cave, forest, or little hermitage in the mountains. In contrast to Schopenhauer, St. Francis didn’t view solitude as a tool for self-development in the sense of skill learning. On the contrary, St. Francis resorted to solitude to learn humility. He wanted to detach himself from pride, ambition and material possessions. Here is the link to the original article: https://johnvespasian.com/analysis-of-schopenhauers-views-on-solitude/