Beginning of the Middle Ages-Richard William Church

Philip Guedalla writes, "History is the most interesting part of geography, and European history is particularly dependent upon the conformation of Europe." Between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the Congress of Vienna (1815), Europe was continuously partitioned and re-partitioned by war. Frederick the Great created Prussia at the expense of Austria. Catherine the Great seized the Ukraine. And in France, the old order fell and Napoleon redrew the map of Europe. (Summary by Pamela Nagami, M.D.)