Beyond Panentheism: Zhiyi, Nichiren, and Non-Obstruction

"Beyond Panentheism: Zhiyi, Nichiren, and the Logic of Non-Obstruction" critiques the limitations of Western concepts like pantheism ("All is God") and panentheism ("All is in God"), arguing that they rely on spatial or dualistic grammar. The author proposes that the Mahayana Buddhist ontology, specifically the Tiantai school founded by Zhiyi, offers a more sophisticated framework through the Threefold Truth (Emptiness, Provisional Existence, and Middle Way), which affirms mutual inclusion rather than identity or containment. Furthermore, the text explains how the Japanese Buddhist figure Nichirentransformed these philosophical insights into a practical, performative realization through the chanting of Namu Myo Ho Ren Gay Kyo, ultimately presenting a vision of reality based on non-obstructive interpenetration. The extensive reference notes indicate the scholarly basis of the paper, citing works on Western philosophy, comparative religion, and primary sources from Zhiyi and Nichiren.