Bilateral Nonpalpable Testes: The Diagnosis You Can Miss Before Laparoscopy | S5E4

“Bilateral nonpalpable testes should trigger more than a localization strategy. This episode examines the diagnostic reasoning before laparoscopy: phenotype, mini-puberty, Sertoli and Leydig markers, anorchia, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, DSD, and the limitations of ultrasound. The clinical framework is simple: central signal → Leydig function → Sertoli function → anatomy.”