BrainWaves #10 Cryptogenic stroke: 2019 update

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: December 5, 2019 In 2016, when we first launched the BrainWaves podcast, cryptogenic stroke was a poorly understood concept. Three years later, it remains poorly understood. But we are making progress. In this week's update of episode 10, we review the progress that has been made in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of these patients. Produced by James E Siegler. The original 2016 version of this show was also produced by Dr. Noah Levinson. Music courtesy of Josh Woodward, Julie Maxwell, Dan Lebowitz, and this group called E’s Jammy Jams. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @BrainWavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, Mohr JP, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(6):461-5. PMID 1503349 Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, et al. Dabigatran for prevention of stroke after embolic stroke of undetermined source. N Engl J Med 2019;380(20):1906-17. PMID 31091372 Fonseca AC, Ferro JM. Drug abuse and stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2013;13(2):325. PMID 23299821 Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, et al. Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention after embolic stroke of undetermined source. N Engl J Med 2018;378(23):2191-201. PMID 29766772 Jacobs BS, Boden-Albala B, Lin IF, Sacco RL. Stroke in the young in the northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke 2002;33(12):2789-93. PMID 12468771 Juul K, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Kofoed S, Jensen G, Nordestgaard BG. Factor V Leiden: The Copenhagen City Heart Study and 2 meta-analyses. Blood 2002;100(1):3-10. PMID 12070000 Kaku DA, Lowenstein DH. Emergence of recreational drug abuse as a major risk factor for stroke in young adults. Ann Intern Med 1990;113(11):821-7. PMID 2240897 Li J, Liu J, Liu M, et al. Closure versus medical therapy for preventing recurrent stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;2015(9):CD009938. PMID 26346232 Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377(11):1011-21. PMID 28902593 Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000;55(8):1172-9. PMID 11071496 Perera KS, Ng KK, Nayar S, et al. Association between low-dose rivaroxaban with or without aspirin and ischemic stroke subtypes: a secondary analysis of the COMPASS Trial. JAMA Neurol 2020;77(1):43-8. PMID 31524941 Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, et al. Long-term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical thera