Can Europe Rival the United States and China?

Europe is stuck between the United States’ market-driven dynamism and China’s state-led industrial strategy. Rosa Balfour, Noah Barkin, and Anu Bradford debate whether Europe can leverage its rulemaking power and emerging industrial agenda into genuine competitiveness. Anu Bradford, Noah Barkin, May 27, 2026, “Can Europe Compete with the United States and China?,” Carnegie Europe. Noah Barkin, January 6, 2026, "Watching China in Europe—January 2026," German Marshall Fund. Noah Barkin, December 1, 2025, "As Europe Dithers, the Cost of Derisking from China Rises," Rhodium Group. Noah Barkin, January 16, 2025, "Trump and the Europe-US-China Triangle," Rhodium Group. Anu Bradford, 2023, "Digital Empires. The Global Battle to Regulate Technology," Oxford University Press. Anu Bradford, 2023, "Europe’s Digital Constitution," Virginia Journal of International Law, Volume 64. Anu Bradford, 2019, "The Brussels Effect. How the European Union Rules the World," Oxford University Press. Rosa Balfour, February 8, 2026, "Dependence on the US is Deeply Rooted in the European Mindset," Le Monde. Rosa Balfour, January 24, 2026, "The EU Finally Used an Economic Threat Against Trump. But the Markets Forced His Climbdown," The Guardian. Rosa Balfour, April 30, 2025, "Europe Tried to Trump-Proof Itself. Now It’s Crafting a Plan B.," Emissary, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.