Chapter I. The Panic and Its Genesis: Fluctuations in American Business, 1815–21

Rothbard sets the stage with a portrait of a young agrarian republic transformed by the War of 1812. Foreign trade collapsed and domestic manufacturing surged; loosely regulated state banks multiplied, issuing notes with little specie behind them; credit poured into western land purchases at inflated prices. When the Second Bank of the United States reversed course and forced contraction, the whole structure came down. This chapter supplies the economic environment for everything that follows, and answers a question of lasting theoretical interest: was 1819 a genuine business-cycle depression of the modern type?