City of Unrest: A Geolocated Archive of Protests in Tehran (2009-2023)

February 2, 2026Mohsen B. MesgarenMatin MirramezaniMohsen AmiriRead the report: http://goto.stanford.edu/tehranprotestsThe contemporary history of Iran has been closely bound up with recurring waves of large-scale protests. From those preceding the Constitutional Revolution, the 1979 Revolution, as well as numerous demonstrations with demands ranging from the incremental to the radical, with a range of causes such as social, political, or economical. Iran’s capital, Tehran, has consistently served as a staging ground for crowds that have “poured into” the streets to voice their dissent.Most existing studies of protests in Iran rely on individual narratives or media portrayals. In the vacuum of on-the-ground reporting and empirical evidence, the current understanding of protests in Iran primarily relies on speculations and anecdotes. This study adopts a data-driven approach by compiling a structured, open-sourced archive of protests in the capital city of Tehran as the foundation for deeper analysis.This research is grounded in an original dataset of over 8,500 protest observations compiled by the authors. This comprehensive dataset was derived from a universe of about 120,000 visual documents and text-based news reports between 2009 and 2024. Each protest observation was systematically reviewed and tagged. We use this information to provide an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the protests in Tehran and analyze the evolving discourse of dissent using chants from these protests. This granular data allows for an unprecedented, evidence-based look at how protest tactics and public sentiment have evolved in Iran's capital.Mohsen B. Mesgaran is an Associate Professor at the University of California, Davis, and a Senior Research Fellow at the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health (UNU-INWEH), where he leads the Ecological Modeling and Food Security. Prior to joining UC Davis, he was a Research Scientist at Stanford University's Iranian Studies Program (Stanford Iran 2040 Project), where he conducted large-scale, data-driven studies related to land and water resources in Iran, which culminated in the co-authorship of the book The Struggle for Development in Iran (SUP, 2022) https://www.sup.org/books/politics/st....Mohsen Amiri is a researcher working on urban studies and data-driven analysis of protest and dissent in Iran. He has collaborated with the Stanford Iran 2040 Project on spatiotemporal datasets on protests and urban unrest, contributing to mapping protest dynamics in Tehran and other cities. His work combines GIS and discourse analysis to examine how space and power interact during mass mobilization. He is preparing to begin his PhD at the University of Sydney, focusing on urban revolt and repression in Iran between 2009 and 2022.Matin Mirramezani manages the Stanford Iran 2040 Project and has been a contributor to the project since 2018. He studied economics at Stanford and co-founded the Generation Lab, a youth-focused data intelligence company. He is passionate about innovative research methods and policies that promote development. He is also the co-author of The Struggle for Development in Iran (SUP, 2022).Part of the Stanford Iran 2040 Project