welcome to the new height show on education this is an episode of our civil rights show and i'm your host family clerk we're going to get right on into here we're going to be looking more into the ancient history of slavery starting with ancient greece records of slavery and ancient greece go back as far as the mexian mexian greece which i'm probably saying that wrong i apologize the origins are not known but it appears that slavery became an important part of the economy and society only after the establishment of cities oh sorry by the way if you want to read along go to wikipedia.org this is where i'm getting the information from for this bit so and just scroll down below europe ancient history ancient greece anyways um slavery was common practice in an integral part of ancient greece as it as it was in other societies of the time it is estimated that in athens the majority of citizens owned at least one slave most ancient writers considered slavery not only natural but necessary but some isolated debate began to appear notably in the socratic dialogues the stoics produced the first condemnation of slavery recorded in history during the eighth and seventh centuries bc in the course of the two mezzanine wars the spartans reduced an entire population to a pseudo slavery called the helotry during the eighth and seventh centuries bc in the course of the two mezzanine wars the spartans reduced an entire population to a pseudo slavery called the heratry according to heroditis um 28 through 29 i'm sure that refers to helots were seven times as numerous as spartans following several helot revolts around the year 600 bc the spartans reconstructed their city state along the authoritarian authoritarian lines for the leaders decided that only by turning their society into an armed camp could they hope to maintain control over the numeral dominant helot population and some ancient greek cities or states i should say city states about thirty percent of the population consisted of slaves but paid and slave labor seems to have been equally important and in rome you can also see slavery in ancient rome romans inherited the institution of slavery from the greeks and the phoenicians as the roman republic expanded outward and enslaved entire populations thus ensuring an ample supply of laborers to work in rome's farms quarries and households the people subjected to roman slavery came from all over europe and the mediterranean slaves were used for labor and also for amusement gladiators and sex slaves in the late republic the widespread use of recently enslaved groups on plantations and ranches led to slave revolts revolts on a large scale the third servile war led by spartacus was the most famous and most threatening to rome other european tribes various tribes of europe are recorded by roman sources as owning slaves strabo records slaves as an export commodity from britainia and from lynn terry block and angle c an iron gang chain dated 200 bc to 50 c was found over three meters long with their neck rings for five cathars post-classical history the chaos of the invasion and frequent war also resulted in victories victorious parties taking slabs throughout europe in the early middle ages saint patrick himself captured and sold as a slave protested against an attack that enslaved the newly baptized christians and his letter to the soldiers of characters can actually click on it and read it if you'd like as a commonly traded commodity like cattle slaves could become a formal or a form of internal or transporter currency slavery during the early middle ages has several distinct sources the vikings raided across europe but took the most slaves in raids on the british isles in european or eastern european while the vikings kept some slaves of servants such as thralls they sold most capdios in the big byzantine and islamic markets in the west their target population were primarily english irish and scottish while in the east there were many or mainly slabs the viking slave trade slowly ended in the 11th century as the vikings settled in european territories they had once raided they converted search to christianity and themselves merged with the local populace in central europe specifically frankish german holy roman empire of charlemagne raids and wars to the east generated a steady supply of slabs from the slavic or slavic captives of those regions because of a high demand for slaves in the wealthy muslim empires of northern africa spain and the near east especially for slaves of european descent a market for those slaves rapidly emerged so lucrative was this market that had spawned an economic boom in central and western europe today known as the carlinian renaissance this boom period for slaves stretched from the early muslim conquest to the high middle ages but declined in the middle ages as the islamic golden age waned medieval spain and portugal saw almost constant warfare between muslims and christians al andulas sent periodic raiding expositions to loot the iberian christian kingdoms bringing back booty and slaves in a raid against lisbon portugal in 1189 for example the al-mohad caliph yakub al-mansir took 3 000 female and child capios and a subsequent attack upon silves portugal and 1191 his governor of cardoba took 3 000 christian slaves the byzantine ottoman wars and the ottoman wars in europe resulted in taking of large numbers of christian slaves and using or selling them into the islamic world too after the battle of lepanto the victors freed approximately 12 000 christian galley slaves from the ottoman fleet similarly christians sold muslim slaves captured in war the order of the knights of malta attacked pirates and muslim shipping and their base between a center of for slave trading selling captured north africans and turks malta remained a slave market until well into its 18th century 1 000 slaves were required to man the galleys or ships of the order poland banned slaves in the 15th century in lithuania slavery was formally abolished in 1588 the institution was replaced by the second inserfment slavery remained a minor institution in russia until 1723 but peter the great converted the household slaves into house serfs russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679 the escaped russian serfs and collapse formed an autonomous communities and the southern steppes where they became known as the cossacks or meaning the outlaws a serfdom just fyi was the status of many peasants under feudalism specifically relating to manner realism and similar systems it was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude now for the british isles capture and war voluntary servitude and debt slavery became common within the british isles before 1066 the badman manumissions show both the slavery existed in 9th and 10th century cornwall and that many cornish slave owners did set their slaves free slaves were routinely bought and sold runaway running away was also common and slavery was never a major economic factor in the british isles during the middle ages ireland and denmark provided markets for captured anglo-saxon and celtic slaves pope gregory the first refutedly made the pun non angli said and angli not angles but angels so that means after a response to his query regarding the identity of a group of fair-haired angles slave children whom he had observed in the marketplace after the norman conquest the law no longer supported chattel slavery and slaves became a part of large body of serfs and in france in the early middle ages the city of verdun or verdun was the center of the thriving european slave trade and young boys who were sold to islamic emirates of iberia where they were enslaved as eunuchs that is a man who has been castrated throughout history castration often served a specific social function the italian ambassador lutz prond of cremona as one example in the 10th century presented a gift of four eunuchs to emperor constantine barbary pirates and the maltese corsairs barbary pirates and the maltese corsairs both raided for slaves and purchased slaves from european merchants often the radonites one of the few groups who could easily move between christian and islamic worlds genoa and venice in the late middle ages from 1100 to 1500 bc the european slave trade continued though with a shift from being centered among the western mediterranean islamic nations to the eastern christian and muslim states the city states of venice and genoa controlled the eastern mediterranean from the 12th century and the black sea and from the 13th century they sold both slavic and baltic slaves as well as gregorians and turks and other ethnic groups of the black sea and caucuses the sale of the european slaves by europeans slowly ended as the slavic and baltic ethnic groups christianized by the late middle ages from the 1440s into the 18th century europeans from italy spain portugal france and england were sold into slavery by north africans it has been suggested that quote white slavery had been minimized or ignored because academics prefer to treat europeans as evil colonists rather than as victims in 1575 the tartars captured over 35 000 ukrainians a 1676 raid took almost 40 000 and about 60 000 ukrainians were captured in 1688 some were ransomed but most were sold into slavery some of the roma people were enslaved over five centuries in romania until the abolishment in 1864 and slavery existed in the territory of present-day romania from the founding of the principalities of walika walachia something like that and moldova in the 13th and 14th century until it was abolished in the states for stages during the 1840s and 1850s before the independence of the united principalities of moldova and walachia was allowed now for mongols the mongol invasions and conquest in the 13th century also resulted in taking numerous captive captives into slavery the mongols and slaves skilled individuals women and children and marched them to caracorum and syria when they were sold throughout eurasia many of these slaves were shipped to the slavery market in nogorod slave commerce during the late middle ages was namely in the hands of venetian and genoese merchants and cartels who were involved in the slave trade with the golden horde in 1382 the horde under khan top hot to some i don't know how to say that uh it's t-o-k-h-t-a-m-y-s-h he sacked moscow burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants and as slaves between 1414 and 1423 some 10 000 eastern european slaves were sold in venice genoese merchants organized a slave trade from the karmia to mamluk egypt for years the khanites of kazan and astra khan routinely made raids on russia principalities for slaves and to plunder towns russian chronicles record about 40 raids by kazan khanes on the russian territories in the first half of the 16th century in 1441 hasi gore declared independence from the golden horde and established crimean khanite for a long time until the early 18th century the khanite maintained an extensive slave trade from the ottoman empire in the middle east in a process called the harvesting of the steppe they enslaved many slavic peasants muscovy recorded about 20 or i'm sorry about 30 major tatar raids into muscovy territories between 1558 and 1596 moscow was repeatedly a target in 1521 the combined forces of the korean khan mamed gore and his case and allies attacked the city and captured thousands of slaves in 1571 the korean tatars attacked and sucked moscow burning everything but the kremlin and taking thousands of captives of slaves in karmia about 75 percent of the population consisted of slaves we're gonna take a quick commercial break and we'll be right back stay tuned right now you might be struggling for your classes or even failing them you might be worried that you may not finish high school there might have even been a thought that you may not be smart enough well the new high education group begs to differ we not only think you're smart enough but with our help you will complete your high school diploma the new heights educational group strives to improve your academic success through its tutoring services to learn more please visit newheightseducation.org and contact us new heights educational group educational resources to help reach your goals hello listeners if you're enjoying the new heights show on education and want to support or donate to our organization please visit www.newheightseducation.org and while you're there check out our online store welcome back to the new heights show on education and you're listening to your civil rights show and i'm pamela clark the host so uh the next uh that i have for you is on the vikings and scandinavia in the viking era beginning circa 793 the norse raiders often captured enslaved military weaker peoples they encountered the nordic countries called their slaves thralls an old norse that was the thralls were mostly from western europe among them many franks frisians anglo-saxons and both irish and britannic health and britannic health Many Irish slaves traveled in expeditions for the colonization of Iceland. The Norse also took German, Baltic, Slavic, and Latin slaves. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 9th and 11th centuries. The 10th century Persian traveler in Ibn Rustaw described how Swedish Vikings, the Beringians or Rus, terrorized and enslaved the Slavs, taking in their raids among the Volga River.
The Threl system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia. Early modern history. Mediterranean powers frequently sentenced convicted criminals to row in the war, or galleys of the state, initially only in time of war. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Kemsar Rebellion, the French crown, filled its galleys with French Huguenots, Protestants condemned for resisting the state.
Galley slaves lived and worked in such harsh conditions that many did not survive their term of sentence. Even if they survived shipwrecking slaughter or torture, the hands of the enemies or the pirates, naval forces often turned infidel or prisoners of war into galley slaves. Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy. The Ottoman Cursor Vassar and Admiral Turgut Rousse-Race and the Knights Hospit-Toller Grandmaster Jean Peresot de Laville met.
Among them, Denmark and Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade. This happened when a decree issued by King Christian VII of Denmark in 1792 to become fully effective by 1803. Slavery as an institution was not banned until 1848. At this time, Iceland was part of Denmark and Norway, but slave trading has been abolished in Iceland in 1117 and has been re-established.
Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on February 4, 1794, including in its colonies. The length of the Haitian Revolution by its slaves and a free people of color established Haiti as a free republic in 1804, ruled by blacks, the first of its kind. At the time of the Revolution, Haiti was known as Saint-Dominique and was a colony of France. Napoleon Bonaparte gave up on Haiti in 1803, but established slavery in Guadalupe and Martinique in 1804.
At the request of planters of the Caribbean colonies, slavery was permanently abolished in the French Empire during the French Revolution of 1848. Now into Portugal. The 15th century Portuguese exploration of the African coast is foundly regarded as the haphinger of European colonism. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the Papovo Diverses, granting Afonso V of Portugal the rights to reduce any Saracens, pagans, and any other unbelievers to heredity.
I know I'm saying it wrong. I'm sorry, slavery which legitimized slave trade under the Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his Romanus Pontifex Bull of 1455. This Papovois came to serve as a jurisdiction for the subsequent era of the slave trade in European colonism.
Although for a short period, as in 1462, Pius II declared slavery to be a great crime, unlike Portugal, Protestant nations did not use Papovois' justification for their involvement in the slave trade. The position of the Church was to condemn the slavery of Christians, but slavery was regarded as an old establishment and a necessary institution which supplied Europe with a necessary workforce. In the 16th century, African slaves had replaced almost all other ethnicities and religious enslaved groups in Europe. Within the Portuguese territory of Brazil and even beyond its original borders, the enslavement of Native Americans were carried out by the Banda Arendts.
Banda Arendts, I think. They were literally flag carriers or slavers, explorers, adventurers, fortune hunters in the early colonial Brazil, and they were largely responsible for Brazil's great expansion westward, far beyond the Tour de Salas line of the 1494 by Pope Alexander VI. So, yeah. Among many other European slave markets, Genoa and Venice were some well-known markets.
Their importance and demand growing after the great plague of the 14th century, which decimated much of the European workforce. The maritime town of Logos, Portugal, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves. The Mercado de Escrovas, something like that, which opened in 1444. And in 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal for northern Mauritania.
Prince Henry, the navigator, major sponsor of the Portuguese-African expeditions. As of any other merchandise, taxed one-fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. By the year 1552, African slaves made up 10% of the population of Lisbon. In the second half of the 16th century, the crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and focused on European trade, and African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to support colonies in the Americas.
In the case of Portugal, especially Brazil, in the 15th century, one-third of the slaves were sold to the African market in exchange for gold. Importation of black slaves was prohibited in mainland Portugal and Portuguese-India in 1761. The slavery continued in Portugal's overseas colonies. At the same time, it stimulated the trade of black slaves, quote the pieces in the terms of that time, to Brazil and to two companies that were founded.
With the support of direct involvement by Marquise Pambol, the company of Graubari-Para, and Maranau, and the general company of Marnambuco and Pera-Bia, whose main activity was precisely the trafficking of slaves, mostly black, of Africans to Brazilian lands. Slavery was finally abolished in Portuguese colonies in 1869. Then in Spain, the Spaniards were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the New World, on islands such as Cuba and Española, due to a shortage of labor caused by the spread of diseases, and so the Spanish colonists gradually became involved in the Atlantic slave trade. The first African slaves arrived in Española in 1501, and by 1571 the natives had been virtually annihilated, mostly to diseases.
The problem of the justness of Native American slavery was a key issue for the Spanish crown. It was Charles V who gave a definite answer to this complicated and delicate matter. To that end, on November 25, 1542, the emperor abolished slavery by decree in his de las nuevas, this bill was based on the arguments given by the best Spanish theologists and jurists who were unanimous in the condemnation of such slavery as unjust. They declared it illegitimate and outlawed it from America.
Not just the slavery of Spaniards over natives, but also the type of slavery practiced among the natives themselves. Thus Spain became the first country to officially abolish slavery. However, in the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico, where the sugarcane production was highly profitable based on slave labor, African slavery persisted until 1873 in Puerto Rico with provisions for periods of apprenticeship in 1866 in Cuba. So for the next episode, we're going to do The Netherlands and the History of Dutch Slavery.
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