Welcome to the New Hike Show on Education. This is the Civil Rights Show and you're listening to me, family clerk. I'm the host. The last time that we were reading about and learning about slavery in other parts of the world, we had stopped at the Netherlands on Wikipedia, and it's wikipedia.org.
So that's where we're going to pick up today. Okay, so it says, although slavery was illegal inside the Netherlands, it flourished throughout the Dutch Empire in the Americas, Africa, Selen, Indonesia, the Dutch slave coast, referred to training posts of the Dutch West India Company on the slave coast, which lie in the contemporary Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria. Initially, the Dutch shipped slaves to Dutch Brazil, and during the second half of the 17th century, they had controlling interest in the trade to the Spanish colonies. Today's surname in Guyana became prominent markets in the 18th century.
Between 1612 and 1872, the Dutch operated from some ten fortresses along the Gold Coast, now Ghana, from which slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. Dutch involvement on the slave coast increased with the establishment of a trading post in Ophra in 1660. Willem Bosman writes in Nackarij that Alada was also called the Grand Ardra, being the larger cousin of Little Ardra, also known as Ophra. From 1660 onward, the Dutch presence in Alada, and especially Afra, became more permanent.
A report from this year asserts Dutch trading posts, apart from Alada and Ophra, in Benign City and Grand Popo in Savi. The Ophra trading post soon became the most important Dutch office on the slave coast. According to a 1670 report, annually 2,500 to 3,000 slaves were transported from Ophra to the Americas. These numbers were only feasible in times of peace, however, and dwindled in time of conflict.
From 1688 onward, the struggle between Aja King of Alada and the peoples on the coastal regions impeded the supply of slaves. The Dutch West India Company chose the side of the Aja King, causing the Ophra office to be destroyed by opposing forces in 1692. By 1650, the Dutch had the preeminent slave trade in Europe and in Southeast Asia. Later trade shifted to Oda on the instigation of Governor General of the Dutch Gold Coast, Wilhelm de la Palma and Jacob van den Breocke, was sent in 1703 as Oberkamies, head merchants, to the Dutch trading post to Oda, which, according to sources, was established around 1670.
Political unrest caused the Dutch to abandon their trading posts at Oda in 1725 and then moved to Jaquim, at which place they built Fort Zelandia. The head of the post, Hendrik Hertog, had a reputation for being a successful slave trader in an attempt to extend his trading area. Hertog negotiated with local tribes and mingled in local political struggles. He sided with the wrong party, however, leading to a conflict with Director General John Pranger and to his exile to the island of Ava in 1732.
The Dutch trading post on this island was extended as a new center of the slave trade in 1733. Hertog returned to Jaquim, this time extending the trading post into Fort Zelandia. The revival of the slave trade at Jaquim was only temporary, however, as his superiors at the Dutch West India Company noticed that Hertog's slaves were more expensive than at the Gold Coast. In 1735, Almena became the preferred spot to trade slaves.
As of 1778, it was estimated that the Dutch were shipping approximately 6,000 Africans for enslavement in the Dutch West Indies each year. Slavery is of that country. The Dutch part in the Atlantic slave trade is estimated to 5-7%, as they shipped about 550,000 to 600,000 African slaves across the Atlantic. About 75,000 of them died on board before reaching their destinations.
From 1596 to 1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves and the Dutch Guineas, 142,000 and the Dutch Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863. Although the decision was made in 1848, it took many years for the law to be implemented. Furthermore, slaves in Serenium would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition. Barbary Corsairs.
Barbary slave trade. The Barbary Corsairs continued to trade in European slaves into the modern time period. Muslim pirates, primary Algerians with the support of the Ottoman Empire, raided European coasts and shipping from the 16th to the 19th century, and took thousands of cappi as soon they sold or enslaved. Many were held for ransom, and European communities raised funds such as Malta's Monte de la Rendenzion, I know I'm butchering this, I apologize, but I'd be impressed if you could pronounce that.
Shahavi? I don't know, I butchered that, something awful. Oh, okay, so to buy back their citizens, the raids gradually ended with the naval decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, as well as the European conquest of North Africa throughout the 19th century. From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships.
Two Barbary pirates. 160 English ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680. Many of the captured sailors were made into slaves and held for ransom. The Corsairs were no strangers to the southwest of England, where raids were known in a number of coastal communities.
In 1627, Barbary pirates under command of the Dutch renegade Jan Zun, Morat Reis, operating from the Moroccan port of Seattle, occupied the island of Lundy. During this time, there were reports of captured slaves being sent to the Algiers. Ireland. Despite its northern position, it was not immune from attacks of the Corsairs.
In June 1631, Jan Zun, the pirates from Algiers, and armed troops of the Ottoman Empire stormed ashore at the Little Arbor village of Baltimore County Cork. They captured almost all of the villagers and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa. The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates. Some lived out their lives chained to the oars as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the sentient seclusion of a harem or within the walls of the Sultan's palace.
Only two of them ever saw Ireland again. Isn't that sad? The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815, which ended the Napoleon Wars, led to the increased European consensus that they needed to end Barbary Raiding. The sacking of Palma on the island of Sardinia by a Tunsian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation.
Britain had, by this time, banned the slave trade and was seeking to induce other countries to do likewise. States that were more vulnerable to the Corsairs complained that Britain cared more for ending the slave trade and African slaves than stopping the enslavement of Europeans and Americans by the Barbary states. In order to neutralize this objection and further the anti-slavery campaign, in 1816, Britain sent Lord Exmouth to secure new concessions from Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, including a pledge to treat Christian captives and any future conflict as prisoners of war rather than as slaves. He imposed peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of Sardonia and Sicily.
On his first visit, Lord Exmouth negotiated satisfactory treaties and sell for home. While he was negotiating, a number of Sardinian fishermen who had settled at Bona on a Tascian coast was brutally treated without his knowledge. As Sardinians, they were technically under the British protection, and the government sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On August 17, the combination with the Dutch squadron under Admiral van de Kappelen, Exmouth bombarded Algiers.
Both Algiers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result, and the Barbary states had difficulty securing uniform compliance with the total prohibition of slave trading, as this had been traditionally of central importance to the North African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subsequently renewed its slave trade, but on a smaller scale, Europeans at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1820, a British fleet under the Admiral St.
Harry Neal bombarded Algiers. Of course, the activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until the France conquered the state in 1813. We're going to take a quick commercial break and be right back. Stay tuned.
Welcome back to our Civil Rights Show. Ms. Pamela Clark, your host. Now we're going to get into the Crimean Canates.
I'm not saying it wrong. The Crimeans frequently mounted raids into the Danubian principalities, Poland and Lithuania and Muscovy, to enslave people whom they had captured for each captain of the Khan, received a fixed share of 10 or 20 percent. These campaigns by Crimean forces were either seafers or sojourned, officially declared military operation led by the Khans themselves, or kippols or despoiling raids undertaken by groups of noblemen, sometimes illegally because they contravened treaties concluded by the Khans with neighboring rulers. For a long time, until the 18th century, the Crimean Canate maintained a massive slave trade from the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland and Lithuania over the period of 1500 to 1700.
Kafa, modern Theodosia, became one of the best known and significant trading posts and slave markers. In 1769, the last major Tatar raid saw the capture of 20,000 Russian and Ruthian slaves. Author and historian Brian Glynn Williams writes, Fisher estimates that in the 16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lost around 20,000 individuals a year, and that from 1474 to 1694, as many as a million Commonwealth citizens were carried off into Crimean slavery. Early modern sources are full of descriptions of sufferings of Christian slaves captured by Crimean Tatars in the course of their raids.
It seems that the position and everyday conditions of a slave depended on his or her owner. Some slaves, indeed, could spend the rest of their days doing exhausting labor, as a Crimean or minister, Sefer Ghazi Aga, mentions in one of his letters. The slaves were often, quote, a plow and a skiff of their owners. Most possible, perhaps, was the fate of those who became galley slaves, whose sufferings were poeticized in many Ukrainian songs.
Both female and male slaves were often used for sexual purposes. The British slave trade. Britain played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade, especially after 1640. When Sugarcane was introduced to the region, at first, most were white Britons or Irish enslaved as indentured labor for a fixed period in the West Indies.
These people may have been criminals or political rebels. The poor, with no prospects or others, were simply tricked or kidnapped. Slavery was a legal institution in all of the 13 colonies in Canada acquired by Britain in 1763. The profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to under 5% of the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution.
A little-known incident in the career of Judge Jeffreys refers to an assize in Bristol. In 1685, when he made the mayor of the city, then standing fully robed beside him on the bench, go into the dock and be fined a thousand pounds for being a kidnapped naive. Some Bristol leaders at the time were known to kidnap their own countrymen and ship them away as slaves. Somerset's case in 1772 was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England.
In 1785, English poet William Coper wrote, quote, We have no slaves at home. Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England. If their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free.
They touch our country and their shackles fall. That's noble and bespeaks a nation proud and jealous of the blessing. Spread it, then, and let it circulate through every vein. The decision proved to be a milestone of the British abolitionist movement.
Their slavery was not abolished in the British Empire until the passage of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act. In 1807, following many years of lobbying by the abolitionist movement led by William Wilberforce, the British Parliament voted to make the slave trade illegal anywhere in the empire with the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Thereafter, Britain took a prominent role in combating the trade, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire except for India. With the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, between 1808 and 1860, the West Africa squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.
Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade. Akitoy, the 11th Obai of Lagos, is famous for having used British involvement to gain his role in return for suppressing slavery among the Yorobi people of Lagos in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. In 1833, the world's oldest international human rights organization, British Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, now known as Anti-Slavery International, was formed in Britain as by Joseph Sturge, which worked to outlaw slavery in other countries.
After 1833, the freed African slaves declined employment in the cane fields. This led to the importance of an indentured laborer, again, mainly from India and also China. In 1833, Arthur William Hodge was executed for the murder of a slave in the British West Indies. He was not, however, as some have claimed, the first white person to have been lawfully executed for the murder of a slave.
Late Modern History During World War II, Nazi Germany operated several categories of labor camps or known as Arbeitslager for different categories of inmates. The largest number of them held Polish Gentiles and Jewish civilians forcibly abducted in occupied countries such as Lepanka to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges, or work on farms. By 1944, 20% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or prisoners of war. Ally Powers As agreed by the Allies of the Yalta Conference, Germans were used as forced laborers as part of their reparations to be extracted.
By 1947, it is estimated that 400,000 Germans, both civilians and POWs, were being used as forced labor by the U.S., France, and U.K. and the Soviet Union. German prisoners were, for example, forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries. By December 1945, it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents.
In Norway, the last available casualty record from August 29, 1945, shows that by that time, a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines, while 392 had been injured. What do you think of that? We don't ever hear this. I've never heard this before.
I have heard about people being used to clear mines, but I don't necessarily remember that it was Germans. And what color are Germans? And the U.S. even being in on it.
And our modern times. I mean, you're talking 1945. Excuse me. I'll take a drink.
So, that's... Wow, right? I mean, you just don't hear that. No one talks about that history.
Soviet Union. The Soviet Union took over the already extensive Karatorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Galug to run the camps. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of Nikita Khrushchev began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. By the end of the 1950s, what did I say?
We're still in the 50s, right? Virtually all corrective labor camps were reorganized, mostly into the system of corrective labor colonies. Officially, the Gulag was terminated by the MBD order on January 25, 1960. 1960 now.
During the period of Stalinism, the Gulag labor camps in the Soviet Union were officially called the corrective labor camps. The term labor colony works exactly. Corrective labor colony was also in use, most notably the ones for underaged 16-year-olds and younger convicts and captured street children, literally children without family care. After the reformation of the camps into the Gulag, the term corrected labor colony essentially encompassed labor camps.
The Soviet Union had about 14 million people working in the Gulags during its existence. Oceania. In the first half of the 19th century, small-scale slave raids took place over Polynesia to supply labor and sex workers for the welling and sealing trades, with examples from both westerly and easterly extremes of the Polynesian Triangle. By the 1860s, this had grown into a larger-scale operation with Merubian slave raids in the South Sea Islands to collect labor for the guana industry.
In Hawaii or Hawaii, ancient Hawaii was a caste society. People were born into specific social classes. Kawa, I might say all of these wrong, I apologize if I do, were those of the outcast or slave class. They are believed to have been war capyavs or their descendants.
Marriage between higher caste and the Kawa were strictly forbidden. The Kawa worked for the chiefs and were often used as human sacrifices at the Lakini. They were not the only sacrifices. Lawbreakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims.
The Kapu system was abolished during the Anau 1819 and with it the distinction between Kawa slave class and the Maka'ani commoners. The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Abahi officially made slavery illegal. New Zealand. Before the arrival of European settlers, each Maori tribe considered itself a separate entity, equivalent to a nation.
In the traditional Maori society prisoners of war became slaves unless released, ransomed, or eaten. Yeah, you heard that right. With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave. As far as it is possible to tell, slavery seems to have increased in the early 19th century with increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Maori military leaders such as Hongi Haika and Ti-Ra-Hara-Ha- I don't know.
It is a hard one. Ti-Ra-Hara-Ha to satisfy the need for labor in the musket wars to supply wellers and traders with food and flax and timber to return for Western goods. The inter-tribal musket wars lasted from 1807 to 1843. Northern tribes who had acquired muskets captured large numbers of slaves.
About 20,000 Mahori died in the wars. An unknown number of slaves were captured. Northern tribes used slaves called Mokai to grow large areas of potatoes for trade with visiting ships. Chiefs started an extensive sex trade in the Bay Islands in the 1830s using mainly slave girls.
By 1835, about 70 to 80 ships per year called into port. One French captain described the and possibility of getting rid of the girls who swarmed over his ship outnumbering his crew 70 by 3 to 1. All payments to the girls were stolen by the chief. By 1833, Christianity had become established in the north of New Zealand and large numbers of slaves were freed.
Slavery outlawed in 1840 via the Treaty of Watangi, although it did not end completely until the government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the king's movement in the wars of the mid-1860s. Well, my friends, that brings us to the end of today's show. I want to remind you the show airs on Sundays by 5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.
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