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This is your host, Pamela Clark, and this is our civil rights show. I'm going to get right back into the history of slavery. We're making good time getting through all these. There's a lot of information I've shared with you over the recent weeks, and we're still moving forward.
So, now we're going to talk about the Chatham Islands. One group of Polynesians who migrated to the Chatham Islands became the Maori Ori, who developed a largely Pacific culture. It was originally speculated that they settled the Chatham's direct from Polynesia, but it is now widely believed they were disaffected Maori, who immigrated from the South Island of New Zealand. Their passive theism left the Maori Ori, unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Maori in the 1830s.
Two Taranaki tribes, the Gati Tama and the Gati Motunga, displaced by the Musket Wars, carried out a carefully planned invasion of the Chatham Islands, 800 kilometers east of the Christ Church in 1835. About 15% of the Polynesian Maori natives who had migrated to the islands at about 1500 CE were killed, with many women being tortured to death. The remaining population was enslaved for the purpose of growing food, especially potatoes. The Maori Ori retreated in Inhumane and a grating manner for many years.
Their culture was banned and they were forbidden to marry. Some 300 Maori men, women and children were massacred, and the remaining 1200 to 1300 survivors were enslaved. Some Maori Ori took Maori Ori partners. The state of enslavement of Maori Ori lasted until 1860s, although it had been discouraged by the CMS missionaries in northern New Zealand from the 1820s.
In 1870 Gati Motunga, one of the invading tribes, argued before the native land court in New Zealand that their gross mistreatment of the Maori Ori was standard Maori practice, or Tukenga. Rapa, Nui, or known as Easter Island. The isolated island was inhabited by the Rapa Nui who suffered a series of slave raids from 1805 or earlier, culminating in a near genocidal experience in the 1860s. The 1805 raid was by American sealers, who was one of a series that changed the attitude of the islanders to outside visitors.
With reports in the 1820s and 1830s that all visitors received a hostile reception. Tonight in December 1862, a Peruvian slave raider took between 1400 and 2000 islanders back to Peru to work in the Gano industry. This was about the third of the island's population and included much of the island's leadership. The last Aruki Mao, and possibly the last two read the Rung-Gorong-Go, after intervention by the French ambassador Enema.
The last 15 survivors were returned to the island, but brought with them smallpox, which further devastated the island. Abolitionist movements. Slavery has existed in one form or another throughout the whole of human history. So too have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves.
However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves or to restrict one practice, such as the slave trade. Dresher, 2009, provides a model for the history of the abolition of slavery, emphasizing its origins in Western Europe. Around the year 1500, slavery had virtually died out in Western Europe, but was a normal phenomenon practically everywhere else. The imperial powers, the British, the French, the Spanish, the Portugals, the Dutch, the Belgian empires, and a few others built worldwide empires based primarily on plantation and agriculture, using slaves imported from Africa.
However, the powers took care to minimize the presence of slavery in their homelands. In 1807, Britain and soon after the United States also both criminalized the international slave trade. The Royal Navy was increasingly effective in intercepting slave ships, creating the captives and taking the crew for trial and courts. Although there were numerous slave revolts in the Caribbean, the only successful uprising came in the French colony of Haiti.
In the 1790s, where the slaves rose up, killed the Milatos and whites, and established the independent republic of Haiti. The continuing profitability of slave-based plantations and threats of race war slowed the development of abolition movements during the first half of the 19th century. These movements were strongest in Britain, and after 1840 in the United States, the northern states of the United States abolished slavery, partly in response to the United States declaration of independence between 1777 and 1804. Britain ended slavery in its empire in the 1830s.
However, the plantation economies of the southern United States, based on cotton, and those in Brazil and Cuba, based on sugar, expanded and grew even more profitable. The bloody American Civil War ended slavery in the United States in 1865. The system ended in Cuba in the 1880s because it was no longer profitable for the owners. Slavery continued to exist in Africa, where Arab slave traders raided black areas for the new captives to be sold in the system.
European colonial rule and diplomatic pressure slowly put an end to the trade, and eventually to the practice of slavery itself. Now they said that it ended in 1865, but we learned that the United States was part of enslaving Germans after the war in 1840. We know that it's not completely true, and of course there's rumors that the government and states are involved in human trafficking, which is slavery as well, even now. We know that's not exactly true, is it?
Britain. In 1772, the Somerset case, Knowles v. Somerset, the English court of the Kings bench, ruled that it was unlawful for a slave to be forcibly taken abroad. The case has since been misrepresented as finding that slavery was unlawful in England, although not elsewhere in the British Empire.
A similar case, that of Joseph Knight took place in the Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland. Following the work of the campaigners in the United Kingdom such as William Wilberforce, Henry Dundas, the first viscount of Millville, and Thomas Clarkson, who founded the Society of Affecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, or the Abolition Society. In May 1787, the act for the abolition of the slave trade was passed by Parliament on March 25, 1807, coming to effect the following year. The act imposed a fine of 100 pounds for every slave found aboard a British ship.
The intention was to outlaw entirely the Atlantic slave trade within the whole British Empire. The significance of the abolition of the British slave trade lay in the number of people who were too sold and carried by the British slave vessels. Britain shipped 2,532,300 Africans across the Atlantic, equally 41% of the total transport of 6,132,900 individuals. This made the British Empire the biggest slave trade contributor in the world due to the magnitude of the Empire, which was made the Abolition Act, all the more damaging to the global trade of slaves.
Britain used its diplomatic influence to press other nations into treaties to ban their slave trade, and give the Royal Navy the right to interduct the slave trade. The ships selling under the National Flag. I'm reading all this from Wikipedia, by the way, usually tell you at the beginning of the show, I apologize. Wikipedia.org is where I'm reading it from.
The Slavery Abolition Act passed on August 1, 1833, outlawed slavery itself throughout the British Empire with the exception of India. On August 1, 1834, slaves became indentured to former owners in an apprenticeship system for six years. All the emancipation was granted ahead of the schedule on August 1, 1838, Britain abolished slavery in both Hindu and Muslim India with the Indian Slavery Act of 1843. Now I do want to say, and I've listened to a lot of stories from others, and I mean I don't know that this is 100% true, but I have heard that Britain has a huge hand in the human trafficking trade.
Britain rumors in Canada that they have taken children from orphanages that they made them disappear, and that's modern day. That's the current royals, the queen that died and her husband and so forth. I don't know that to be a fact. I'm saying these are things that I've heard from experts or people that call themselves experts, people that have worked in certain industries.
I believe it's definitely possible. I mean they do have a history of it, and you never really know it's in a person's heart and mind, so it's worth looking into. I don't know. They're protected pretty well.
Anyways, the Society of the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery through the British of Dominiums later the London Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1823 and existed until 1838. Domestic slavery practiced by the educated African coastal elites as well as the interior trade traditional rulers. And Sarah Leon was abolished in 1928. A study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas, even in the 1970s.
The British and foreign anti-slavery society founded in 1839 and having on several name changes still exist as anti-slavery international. France. There were slaves in metropolitan France, especially in the trade ports of Dantes, Orbordet. Both the institutions were never officially authorized there.
The illegal case of John Boucau in 1739 clarified the unclear legal position of possible slaves in France and was followed by laws that established registers for slaves in mainland France who were limited to a three-year stay for visits or learning a trade under unregistered slaves and France regarded as free. However, slavery was a vital importance to the economy of France's Caribbean possessions, especially Saint-Dominique. Take a quick commercial break. We'll be right back.
Stay tuned. Welcome back to the New High Show on Education. This is our civil rights show and I am Pamela Clark, your host. Let's get right back into it.
Abolition. In 1793 influenced by French declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen August 1789 and alarmed as the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the Haitian revolution threatened to ally itself with the British, the revolutionary French commissioners Le Gere Felicite Santonix and Etienne Moveriel declared general emancipation to reconcile them with France. In Paris, on February 4, 1794, a Gregori in the convention ratified this action by visually abolishing slavery in all French territories outside mainland France, freeing all the slaves both of moral and security reasons. Napoleon restored slavery.
Napoleon came to power in 1799 and soon had grand Neo-Plans for the French sugar colonies. To achieve them, he reintroduced slavery, Neo-Napoleans majored venture into the Caribbean sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint-Dominique or Haiti from ex-slaves under Trussant Le over Chere, who had revolted. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops. He then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans.
He therefore re-established slavery in Haiti and Guadalupe where it had been abolished after the rebellions. Slaves and black freed men fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting. However it was the slaves and their allies who were fighting for the revolutionary ideas of freedom and equality with the French troops under General Charles Le Clerk fought to restore the order of the ancient regiments.
The goal of re-establishing slavery explicitly contradicted the ideas of the French Revolution. The French soldiers were unable to cope with the tropical diseases and most died of yellow fever. Slavery was re-imposed in Guadalupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic. Napoleon's vast colonial dreams of Egypt, India, and the Caribbean, Louisiana, and even Australia were all doomed for a lack of fleet capable of matching the British or Britain's Royal Navy.
Realizing the fiasco to Napoleon liquidated the Haiti Project, brought home the survivors and sold off the huge Louisiana territory to the US in 1803. Something I want you to think about is, I hope that most of you have the basic knowledge of the Statue of Liberty and where it came from. The French had given it to us as a gift and it became one of the main symbols of freedom recognized all around the world, freedom and liberty, Statue of Liberty. They did try to give it to a few other countries before they tried to give it to us and I don't remember which ones they were but they thought that it would be too expensive for upkeep.
I know that the French people helped to pay for it and it was given to America but I find it super sad and just the depths of deceit almost. I mean here they created this symbol but why did they give it to us? And did it mean the same thing to them as it did to us? I mean you have to question those things because we're talking about what we're talking about right now.
So there's so many layers to slavery, to the history of slavery, to all these different cultures that have been enslaved over time. It's really remarkable and heartbreaking and disturbing and confusing and it's just really crazy to see these kinds of things repeating and repeating in different areas of the world and then how they can play a card that they played with the Statue of Liberty but to mean that to them. I just wonder, I have to ask that question. What are your thoughts on it?
Napoleon and slavery. So in 1794 slavery was abolished in the French Empire after seizing Lower Egypt in 1790 and 1888. Napoleon Bonaparte issued a proclamation in Arabic declaring all men to be free and equal. However the French bought males as soldiers and females as concubines.
Napoleon personally opposed the abolition and restored colonial slavery in 1802, a year after the capitalization of his troops in Egypt. Napoleon decreed that the abolition of the slave trade upon his returning from Elba in an attempt to appease Britain. He was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris on November 20th, 2015 and by order of King Louis the 18th on January 8th, 1817. However, trafficking continued despite the sanctions.
Really? Doesn't surprise me, does it surprise you? Okay, I don't know how to say this guy's last name, I'm going to butcher it really badly. Victor, show Elker, maybe, show Elker and the 1848 abolition.
The French economy was abolished in 1848, three months after the beginning of the revolution against the July monarchy. It was in large part of the result of a timeless 18 year campaign of Victor, show Elker. On March 3rd, 1848 he had been appointed under Secretary of the Navy and caused a decree to be issued by the Provisional Government which acknowledged the principle of the enfranchisement of the slaves through the French possessions. He also wrote the decree on April 27th, 1848 in which the French government announced the slavery was abolished in all of its colonies.
Well, the next bit I have for you, I think we would have time. We're going to switch back again to the United States and discuss it some more. In 1688, four German Quakers in Germantown presented a protest against the institution of slavery to other local Quaker meeting. Now, I have to say again, I have to circle back around.
This is 1688. And then in the 1840s, because of the war, the Germans were enslaved, you know, if they weren't American, Germans, right? They were used to build up back things in Germany. So they were used to slaves.
So here we are, Germans Quakers saying that they don't think slavery should be a thing. A couple hundred years later, the United States even has a role in making them slaves. So again, the ironicness to all of this. It's just crazy.
So it was ignored for 150 years, but in 1844 it was rediscovered and was popularized by the abolitionist movement. In 1688, the petition was the first American public document of its kind of protest slavery. And in addition, it was one of the first public documents to define universal human rights. The colonial colonization society, the primary vehicle for returning Black Americans to greater freedom in Africa, established the colony of Liberia.
In 1821 to 23, on the premise that the former American slaves would have greater freedom and equality there. Various state colonization societies also had African colonies, which were later merged with Liberia, including the Republic of Maryland, Mississippi and Africa, and Kentucky and Africa. These societies assisted in the movement of thousands of African Americans to Liberia. With ACS founder Henry Clay stating, unconquerable, prejudice resulting from their color, they never could alma gamate with the free whites of this county.
It was desirable, therefore, as it is respected them and the residue of the population of the country to drain them off. Abraham Lincoln, an enthusiastic supporter of Clay, adopted his position on returning the Blacks to their own lands. Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way to Canada under the Underground Railroad. The more famous of the African American abolitionists, including former slaves Harriet Tubman to the Journer Truth, Frederick Douglass.
Many more people who opposed slavery and worked for abolition were Northern Whites such as William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown. And slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution. While abolitionists agreed on the evils of slavery, there were differing opinions on what should happen after African Americans were freed. By the time of the Emancipation, African Americans were now native to the United States and did not want to leave.
The United States believed that their labor had made the land theirs as well as that of the Whites. And in the Congress of Vienna, the Declaration of the Powers on the abolition of the slave trade, February 8, 1815, included in its first sentence concept of the principles of humanity and the universal morality, as justification for ending a trade that was, quote, odious in its continuance. Well my friends, that brings us to the end of another show. We're going to pick up next time and talk about the 20th century and what slavery looked like then and followed by contemporary slavery and the historiography of the United States and economics of slavery in the West Indies.
And I believe that will bring us to the end of what Wikipedia has to offer, but then we will discuss a little bit more from the world atlasandhistorylearning.com and some other places. So stay tuned. I hope you're enjoying this. I know it's sad and it is upsetting and hopefully we all learn to be better people even from learning history, right?
So history teaches all of us. Well, I want to remind you the show airs on Sundays by 5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time and my other show, Education on the News airs Wednesdays at 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.
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