Welcome to the new high-show on education. This is an episode of our civil rights. We're going to start up where we left off last time. We have spoke about the Congress of Vienna and slavery.
And now we're going into the 20th century. Getting this information from Wikipedia.org. It does not. I don't own any of this information.
And you can go on at the follow-along. This is your host, Pamela Clark. Let's get right on into it. The 1926 slavery convention and initiative of the League of Nations was turning point in banning global slavery.
Article IV of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by 1948 by the UN General Assembly. Exclusively banned slavery. The United Nations in 1958 or 1956 excuse me, supplementary convention on the violation of abolition of slavery was convened to outlaw and banned slavery worldwide, including child slavery. And December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which was developed from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Article IV of this International Treaty banned slavery. The treaty came into force in March of 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. As of November 2003, 100 in foreign nations have ratified the treaty. However, a legal forced labor involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation, 32% for economic exploitation.
In May 2004, the 22 members of the Arab League adopted Arab Charter on UN Rights, which incorporated the 1990 Carol Declaration on Human Rights and Islam, which states, quote, "'Human beings are born free and no one has the right to enslave, emulate, oppress, or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the most high." Article I of the Carol Declaration on Human Rights and Islam in 1990. Currently the Anti-Traffic Incordination Team Initiative, known as ACT, ACT, Team Initiative, is a coordinated effort between the US Department of Justice, Homeland Security, and Labor addressing human trafficking. The International Labor Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children of which 55% are women and girls. Contemporary slavery.
According to the Global Slavery Index, slavery continues into the 21st century. It claims that as of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were India with 8 million, China, with 3.8, 6 million, Pakistan with 3.9 million, and North Korea with 2.6 million, the countries with the highest prevalence of slavery were North Korea, 10.5% and it, here it's Tia, at 9.3%. The history of the Iraqi and the United States, the history of slavery originally was the history of the government's laws and policy towards slavery. And the political debates about it.
Black history was promoted very largely at black colleges. The situation changed dramatically with the coming of the civil rights movement of the 1950s. Attention shifted to the enslaved humans, the free blacks and the struggles of the black community against adversity. Peter Kulten described the state of historiography in the early 20th century as follows.
During the first half of the 20th century, a major component of this approach was often simply racism, manifest in the belief that blacks were at best in the native of whites. Thus, all Rick B. Phillips, there is most celebrated in influential expert on slavery, combined as a sophisticated portrait of the white planter's life and behavior with crude passing generalizations about the life and behavior of their black slaves. Historians, James Oliver Horton and Lewis E.
Horton, described Bill of Mindset and methodology and influence as quote, his portrayal of blacks as passive and theory of people whose African origins made them uncivilized seem to provide a historical evidence for the theories of racial inferiority. That's a poor racial segregation, drawing evidence exclusively from plantation records that are southern newspapers and other sources reflecting the slaveholders point of view. Phillips depicted slave masters who provided for the welfare of their slaves and contended that true affection existed between master and slave. The racist attitude concerning slaves carried over into the historiography of the Dunning School or Reconstruction Era history, which dominated in the early 20th century.
Writing in 2005, the historian, Eric Foner, states, quote, "'The account of the era rested as one member "'of the Dunning School put it "'on the assumption of the Negro in capacity, "'finding it impossible to believe that blacks "'could ever be independent actors on the stage of history "'with their own aspirations and motivations, "'dunning, also portrayed African Americans "'as either children, ignorant dupes, "'manipulated by inscriptuous whites, or as savages, "'their primal passions unleashed by the end of slavery. "'beginning in the 1950, "'hiss or a graphic move away from the tone of the Phillips era. "'The historian still emphasizes slave as an object, "'where as Phillips presented the slave as an object "'of benign attention by the owners. "'The historian such as Kenneth stamped with two peas "'emphasized the mistreatment and the abuse of slave "'of the slave.
"'And the portrayal of the slave is a victim. "'The historian, Stanley Elkins, in his 1959 work slavery, "'a problem in American institutional and intellectual life "'compared the effects of the United States slavery "'to that resulting from the brutality of the Nazi concentration camps. "'He stated the institution destroyed the will of the slave, "'creating an emasculated docile symbol "'who identified totally with the owner. "'Okins thesis was challenged by historians.
"'gradually historians recognized that in addition "'to the effect of the owner, slave relationship. "'Slaives did not live in a quote totally closed environment, "'but rather in one that permitted the emergence of an ornament, "'an enormous variety in the loud slaves "'to pursue important relationships with persons other than their master, "'including those to be found in their families, "'jurchasing communities." And a quote. Economic historians Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L.
Ingram and the 1970s were their work, "'time on the cross, the trade slaves "'as having international, internal wise, "'the Protestant work ethic of their owners, "'and portraying the more benign version of slavery. "'They also argue in the 1974 book "'that the material conditions under which slaves lived "'were compared favorably favorably to those of free workers "'in the agriculture industry of the time. "'Thus was also an argument of southerners "'during the 19th century. "'In the 1970s and 80s historians made use "'of sources such as black music, "'and statistical census data "'to create a more detailed and nuanced picture of slave life.
"'Relying also in the 19th century autobiographies "'of slaves known as slave narratives. "'In the W. P. A.
A. A. slave narrative collection. "'A set of interviews conducted with former slaves "'in the 1930s by the Federal Writers Project.
"'The story ins describes slavery as the slaves remembered it. "'Far from slaves being strictly victims of content. "'The story ins showed slaves as both resilient "'and autonomous in many other activities. "'Just why they're exercise of autonomy "'in their efforts to make a life within slavery?
"'Current historians recognize the precariousness "'of the slaves' situation. "'Slaib children quickly learned that they were subject "'to the direction of both their parents and their owners. "'They saw their parents discipline just as they came to realize "'that they had also could be physically or verbally abused "'by their owners. "'The story ins writing this era include "'John Blason game of a slave community "'and Eugene Genovese from rural, or I'm sorry, "'ruled Jordan role.
"'Lesley Howard Owens, this species of property "'and Gerbert Guttman from the black family "'and slavery in freedom. "'important work on slavery has continued "'for instance in 2003 Stephen Hahn "'published a Pulitzer Prize winning account "'ination under our feet, black political struggles "'in the rural South from slavery to the "'minute great migration, excuse me. "'Which examined how slaves built community "'and political understanding while enslaved. "'So they quickly began to form new associations "'and institutions when emancipated, "'including black churches separate from white control.
"'In 2010 Robert E. Wright published a model "'that explains why slavery was more prevalent "'in some areas than others, southern than northern Delaware, "'and why some firms, individuals, corporations, "'plantation owners and so forth, "'chows to slave labor while others use "'to wage, indentured, or family labor instead. "'In National Marist Pool of Americans "'a 2015 ass quote, with slavery the main reason "'for the Civil War or not, 53% said yes, "'and 41% said not. "'There were sharp cleavages of along lines "'of regen and party, and the South, 49% answered not.
"'Nation why 55% said students should be taught slavery "'was the reason for the Civil War. "'In 2018 at conference at the University of Virginia "'studied the history of slavery in recent views on it. "'So the economics of slavery in the West Indies, "'one of the most controversial aspects of the British Empire "'is its role in first promoting an ending of slavery. "'In the 18th century British merchandships "'were the largest element in the middle passage, "'which transported millions of slaves "'to their Western hemisphere.
"'Most of those who survived the journey wound up "'in the Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable "'sugar colonies and the living conditions were bad. "'The plantation owners lived in Britain. "'Parliament ended the international transportation "'slaving of 1907 and used the Royal Navy "'to enforce that ban. "'In 1833, it bought out the plantation owners "'and banned slavery.
"'The historians before the 1940s argued the moralistic "'reformers such as William Littleforce "'were primarily responsible. "'The story called revisionism, arrived when the West "'in the historian Eric Williams, a Marxist "'and capitalism in slavery, 1944 rejected "'this moral explanation and argued the abolition, "'or abolition, I was now more profitable." Excuse me. "'For a century of sugarcane raising "'had exhausted the soil of the islands "'and the plantations have become unprofitable. "'It was more profitable to sell the slaves "'to government than to keep up operations.
"'In 1807, prohibition of international trade "'williams argued prevented French expansion "'on other islands. "'Meanwhile British investors turned to Asia, "'where labor was so plentiful, the slavery was unnecessary. "'Williams went on to argue that slavery played "'a major rule in making Britain prosperous. "'The high profits from the slave trade he said "'helped finance industrial revolution, "'written enjoyed prosperity because the capital game "'from the unpaid work of slaves.
"'Since the 1970s, numerous historians "'have challenged Williams from various angles "'and the god or god, human was concluded, quote, "'more recent research has rejected this conclusion. "'It is now clear that the colonies of the British "'care be unprofited considerably "'during the revolutionary and no pot." No poly, I'm sorry. No, no, no. The polyonic wars, and he had to say that I think was late.
"'And his major attack on Williams' "'seas a Seymour dresser argues that Britain's "'a violation of the slave trade at 1807 "'resulted not from diminishing value of slavery "'for Britain, but instead from the moral outrage "'of the British voting public. "'Critic's out also argue that slavery "'were being profitable in the 1830s "'because of innovations in agriculture. "'So the profit motive was not central to the evolution." Richardson in 1998, "'F "'or agravated for profits from the slave trade "'am out to two less than 1% of domestic "'investment in Britain. "'Richards and further challenges claims by African scholars "'that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation "'and economic distress in Africa.
"'Indeed, that it caused the hands of Africans. "'That it caused the underdevelopment of Africa. "'admitting the horrible suffering of slaves. "'He knows that many Africans benefited directly "'because the first stage of the trade "'was always firmly in the hands of Africans.
"'European slave ships waited at ports "'to purchase cargoes of people who were captured "'in the Hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders. "'Richards and finds that the terms of trade "'how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo "'boot heavily in favor of Africans after about 1750. "'And that its indigenous elites inside West "'and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery. "'That's increasing their wealth and power." Economic historian, Stanley Ingramon, finds that "'without subtracting the associated cause of the slave trade "'shipping cause of laborality, "'of the British people in Africa, defense costs, "'or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade.
"'The total profits from the slave trade "'of West in the implantation amounted "'to less than 5% of the British economy. "'During any year of the industrial revolution, "'englements 5% gives us as much possible "'in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, "'not solely because it does not take "'into a county associated cause of slave trade of Britain, "'but also because it carries a full employment assumption "'from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits "'as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. "'The story in Richard Parson in that article written "'before Williams book dismisses the influence "'of wealth generated from the West in the implantation "'upon the financing of the industrial revolution, "'saying that whatever substantial flow of investment "'from West in the implantation into industry, "'there were a current after the emancipation "'and not before. "'Do they give you a lot of different sources "'and references and notes when you go on Wikipedia "'to view all of this stuff that I've shared with you?
"'There's lots of pictures as well that you might want to see. "'What are your thoughts? "'I'd love to hear from you. "'I personally don't believe that slavery ever ended.
"'I mean it just took on different names like human trafficking "'or to be indentured, indentured, of course, "'and the olden days, they were treated better than slaves, "'but there are different forms and different wording used "'and in different places of the world are still "'and salating people. "'So there's still people suffering "'and being killed for this terrible terrible, "'I don't know what you would call it. "'T terrible organization, organizations that put this on "'these people behind it that are enslaving people. "'It's pretty sad.
"'I have another reference I wanted to share with you as well "'from worldappless.com. "'So it's world in the A-T-L-A-S-dot-com "'it says, slavery today, countries with the highest "'provolence of modern slaves. "'There is 40, 3 million slaves in the world today. "'North Korea has the highest prevalence of slaves "'and any country, nearly a quarter of enslaved individuals "'are children.
"'According to the global slavery index GSI, "'there are an estimated 40, 3 million slaves in the world today. "'This modern day slavery and many instances "'not all too different from that in medieval times. "'As people are still being owned as property by others "'in some countries around the world, "'however, unlike ancient forms where slaves were not paid at all, "'in modern day slavery payment may be there "'for those in bondage through meager and riddled exploitation. "'The international labor organization estimates "'at 26 percent of modern slaves are children.
"'All those slavery is officially abolished "'and every jurisdiction in the world. "'It does not mean that contemporary slaves, "'slavery does not exist. "'In fact, if anything, it just means "'a slavery is harder to track and occurs far "'from the eye of local authorities. "'Belle is an overview of countries "'by the largest populations of people that have said "'to be in a situation of slavery.
"'I ran 16.2 per thousand people, aren't slaves. "'Cambodia, 16.8 per thousand. "'Pakistan, 16.8 per thousand. "'South Sudan, 20.5 per thousand.
"'Mara, Tania, 21.4 per thousand. "'Afghanistan, 22.2 per thousand. "'Central African, Republic, 22.3 per thousand. "'Birundi, 44 per thousand.
"'Eretrria, 93 per thousand. "'It's also known as a horn of Africa, FYI. "'North Korea, 104.6 per thousand. "'They do have an actual graph on there.
"'You can view as well. "'I do want to bring to your attention "'because a lot of times, "'there's only focus on America's history of slavery. "'And I'm certainly not saying it was right. "'It was not right.
"'No one should be enslaved. "'But slavery was an old tradition "'and had been practiced pretty much "'on almost every culture that has ever existed. "'At some point or another. "'And a lot of times, people have been "'at their own people or sold their own people for it.
"'So it's pretty awful. "'I think Hillsdale College does a great job "'at talking about civil rights in America. "'And they have some free courses "'that are site in the forester site. "'They have a civil rights in American history.
"'I invite you to go on their website "'online.hillsdale.edu and blip for civil rights "'and learn about their account of it. "'I think they've done a fantastic job "'putting it all together. "'And I make sure you're summing it with you "'and the future I'm not sure yet. "'I think that after this episode, "'I want to get into human trafficking a bit "'and we'll talk about it.
"'And then we'll see where the show goes from there. "'Now the US National Park Service "'actually has civil rights in the Constitution "'and New Republic. "'That is interesting as well. "'I haven't reviewed all of the information "'on it, but I will before I share it with you "'if I do share it with you.
"'I just want to bring it up." And that's actually nps.govra-mentor.gov. and pps.gov. But we'll get more into some of these things. We're gonna go over the Constitution a bit as well.
And we'll see if there was anything else I want to share with you. I know we haven't taken our commercial break, but I guess we will at the end of the show. There is an American slavery timeline on thehistoryreader.com, and it goes over a lot of what I already mentioned. And it breaks it down into a one page and you're compared to the lengthy stuff I shared with you.
But if you want another account of the history of it, you can go in there that's historyreader.com and then type in American slavery timeline. Okay. So I hope you enjoyed the show. I know it hurts to hear this stuff.
It hurts to read this stuff. It doesn't make us happy. It is part of human rights though, to be treated with respect and to not be treated like slaves are in any capacity. It isn't important to talk about the history of it.
And not just American history of the history all around the world and to bring attention to it. And also in the hopes of stopping it and bringing attention to human trafficking because that certainly has a lot to do with slavery, modern day slavery. So I'm gonna remind you this show, Air Sundays by 5 PME's from Standard Time. The other show, Education in the News, Air's Wednesdays by 6 PME's from Standard Time.
You can listen to all of our shows at radio.nyceducation.org. You can learn more about our organization at New Heights Education.org. Until next time. We hope you enjoyed the show.
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