Okay, I realized I spoke, I think sometimes very, very quickly last week because I was trying to finish in time and I didn't do that so I'm able to slow things down and get as far as we can. We ended in circle eight, circle eight and circle nine of both regions of fraud. In circle eight there are actually 10 subdivisions, so they're more than 10 cents but they're 10 groupings of sins within circle eight so I'm just highlighting a couple of those. The circle eight is dedicated to what's called simple fraud and this is fraud against or to sin against natural relationships that are necessary for society to operate.
Then complex fraud which is in circle nine are sins involving special relationships like in a family defrauding or betraying someone in a family, that's circle nine. So circle eight is a broader category. So for instance when you put gas in your car you're trusting that the 12 gallons that says on the pump is 12 gallons. So that if you were to be defrauded in that case that would be simple fraud unless the owner of the gasoline station was summoned in your family but then it wouldn't be directed at you personally most likely.
Okay so I'm going to highlight out of the 10 or more sins of in circle eight I'm just doing a couple that we saw hypocrisy at the end of last week and that is pretense to virtue. A little further down is in a circle eight of the fraud of false counsel and I've actually got the wrong person's side of their fear not I tell you to send you will commit it as we're given. It said to Guido Monte felt throat miss Belto that is said in by the pope. I'll get to that in a minute but I had Guido in my mind because he's the character that Dante encounters.
Guido Monte felt throat was a person who was very successful in military matters he was a military strategist called the Fox I believe not the Swamp Fox just Fox and he retired as people often did in the villages and went into the Franciscan order or others went into other orders in order to make up for their sins during the lives. He had done that. The pope needed his advice and called him out of the monastery where the monastery was in the prison club and he promised Guido that whatever sin he might commit in advising the pope the sin was already forgiven. So the pope says if you're not I tell you the sin you will commit it is forgiven and so Guido advises him to make a false treaty in effect for the pope to false treaty or treaty intends to renegan.
So the the false council is really is twice the false council that Guido gives in this case the false means evil council and the false council that the pope makes in a certain sense and that it's a lie but it's really directed towards Guido's evil council that he gives the pope because the council is to make an offer that he will take back. So he dies Guido does and then St. Francis comes for his body because he's a Franciscan and then an evil cherubim comes and takes him basically out of the hands of St. Francis and says to him don't you know one cannot be absolved unless repentant nor can one both repent and will appear at once the one is canceled by the other.
So you can't be pre forgiven of the sin is the point and he is referring here to another line that says I guess you didn't know that the devil was a philosopher something like that and is referring to the principle of non contradiction which is stated various ways but the ideas of the thing cannot be and not be at the same time in the same way so a door cannot be if we agree on what closed means the door can't be closed and open at the same time I mean it can be a jar but that the different thing not the jar that you put preserves in but open a little bit. So he's defeated by assuming a false philosophical principle this actually comes back up the principle of non contradiction will come back up in a certain way when we get to paradise I might remember to bring it up again. Okay and then he's going to have a son in purgatory who is a late repentant we have a pre repentant which doesn't work but a late repentant does. Okay so that is Guido misspelled the name and it didn't even belong there either.
Okay so that's fraud one of those circles of fraud and again there were there were 10 really circles but I don't have time to go for all of them. The circle nine of treachery there are various different kinds of treachery that Dante gives one of them is treachery against party and this means some kind of political affiliation sometimes it's interpreted as party could even be nation would be city would be appropriate for Dante and there's this I wanted to say one thing about Guido Guido we get to this Guido like other characters tells a fine story where all the other everybody else is to blame. Okay so it's a beautiful story tells and it's tragic but he never mentions that he's to blame that's kind of a theme that goes throughout and that happens in this one to the circle nine of treachery. Here's one of the more pitiful characters is Uglino and he's trapped in the ice the ninth circle of hell is a lake of ice now of course not they realize is that the primary image of hell is hell fire and he has that a little bit not very much in hell but hell is a frozen lake of ice I mentioned this last week because the center of hell is the furthest point in the universe from God so they're a way as far as they can be from the fire of God's love so it's very very cold in other ways to think about the cold but he goes against our expectation perhaps.
Uglino conspired with Archbishop Rujieri and then was betrayed the city and the Reggio betrayed him so there was a mutual betrayal going on and they're frozen in the ice and Uglino is chewing the frozen to get in Uglino is chewing on Rujieri's skull so it's very kind of disgusting but the story this is based on a true story the story of Uglino who was betrayed by the Reggio at the Reggio managed to gain political power and Uglino was locked in a tower and called the tower of hunger or they did eventually with a couple sons and grandsons and they turned all into sons in the story for simplicity's sake and Uglino tells us very good old story about being locked in the tower doesn't tell why he's there because he was a betrayer he's a traitor but it's a very good old story they're locked in the tower and one day they nailed a doorshot and he realizes they're no longer going to be fed and then they're starving and then the sons offer Uglino their own bodies from the feed on because they're all dying and he says no and then they die one by one it's very pitiful over several days he's crying out their names so it seems very tragic and then eventually he will die but he says after at the end of his story then hunger proved more powerful than grief and this was interpreted for hundreds of years to mean that he died of hunger rather than grief that's how it was interpreted but in the last hundred years or so there was an alternative interpretation that was seen in this line which might simply be in people's imaginations anyone see what the other interpretation might be and this is pretty literal from the original yes yes yeah and the justification for that is he's chewing on Archbishop Rigieri's head but he was starved anyway so that would work whether or not he did eat the children the other argument against that interpretation is it's based on a true story and that's not part of the true story so that that didn't happen it's not part of the history it's about the anti-changes history sometimes anyway it's it might say more about the modern world than anything that this was an interpretation but I think the first instance of this were several hundred years later okay and Dante was being interpreted very very very early on within right after his death okay that's another round of that I've got there a treachery against guest Friar Alberigo Friar Alberigo had some conflict with I think it was his brother someone in his family invited to the to his house for some kind of dinner to make up and then he betrays the guests and kills them all okay the standard kind of story what what's interesting here is his he's frozen in the ice and because of his tears his eyes are frozen over and Dante promises him that if Friar Alberigo tells his story that he will break the ice from his eyes and give him some relief then he tells the story but Dante doesn't do that Friar Alberigo says but now it'll ask give me the hand you promised open my eyes Dante says I did not open them to be mean to him was a generous reward so Dante becomes the traitor here in the circle of the treacherous now earlier he becomes wrathful perhaps in the circle of wrath so we see this a little bit but at this point Dante is or has detached himself from the pity that he had to detach himself from he's no longer pitying the soul so this seems to be a righteous response and because of the the punishment pattern of Contrapasso where the punishment can be something similar to your sin or contrast of the sin either way it highlights what the sin is Dante by betraying the traitor himself becomes an instrument of the Contrapasso punishment and therefore Dante by betraying his word to Friar Alberigo becomes an instrument of the justice of God okay so it could be interpreted that he's just kind of a low life here he broke his word but I think it's intended especially he's so deep into hell he's got to detach himself from pity pretty soon if he's not already done so that it's actually intended to show that Dante actually makes spiritual progress so he is cruel to this person in a way that's appropriate cruel maybe the wrong word he but it seems cruel he acts justly towards him as a Contrapasso punishment himself okay so this is progress okay what's next Eudaca is the final name for Judas a treachery against the Lord and this is Satan who's described like a bat bat wings at least he is he fell from heaven so he's faced down he's collapsed of course since you look at it either way but he fell face down he the Isis rose about basically was armpits he's chewing on Satan's chewing on Judas Brutus and Cassius so we have traitors of Empire and traitors to God here and that's what Dante's speaking about over and over again the three faces are mock Trinity the eating of the or the chewing the eternal chewing on the three sinners is a mock Eucharistic feast or heavenly banquet so everything is upside down literally here and the truth is mocked by Satan because that's what he is he mocks God he mocks the truth beneath each face to mighty wings stretched out the side might expect this huge bird I never saw a ship with larger sails so the wings are flapping here not that the wings but like ones of bat would have he flattened and constantly keeping three winds continuously in motion to lock cocky to eternally nice and that's the name of the frozen lake so he is beating the wings and the wind and Dante is seen in from afar and thinks of the windmill or something but he sees clearer more clearly as he approaches and so he is freezing the ice while he's beating the wings so he's in eternal flight by being the wings but he's motionless and I mentioned earlier that one of the most insightful comments by student maybe the most insightful comment by student this was a few years ago was made in relationship to this scene here at the end of the inferno and I was talking about the irony that he's beating the wings and the beating of the wings freezes him in the ice and the student said maybe he's beating the wings in order to be frozen in the ice because this is the point furthest in the universe from God this is where Satan wants to be at the same time you see he's eternally fleeing from God and so if he weren't frozen in the ice fleeing from God would bring him closer to God because of the spherical nature of the universe so he's in the center if he's flying with God any motion out of the center brings him closer but by freezing the ice then he keeps himself from God while maintaining the desire to flee from him if you turn the world inside out then he could flee forever in the other direction but since the world from the medieval point of view is the other way he has to be stuck here does that make sense okay anyway so I thought I wish I had thought of that and the commentary that I've read I haven't picked that up I mean other people might have noticed that but you know it's possible that this student saw something that commentators overlook and I think it makes sense it fits perfectly into this game anyway so at senior send off we have a senior send off where we rose to students or some salute them I didn't rose to him I saluted him but you never know what's going to come out of the students not he was just an average student right but sometimes things are going on and they don't you're unaware okay or I'm unaware of they're unaware of two I suppose okay what's next okay then Dante and Virgil they have to crawl down Satan's beat his wings and they go they run at a certain time so they're not crushed by the wings and there's a some kind of crack in the ice and they're able to crawl down and Dante gets confused here because when they get to this very center Virgil has to turn him around so that he can walk upright as he exits the earth and you don't you wouldn't believe how long it takes me to explain this to students I draw on the board if you're walking down if you get staircase going down to the center of the earth when you got to the center if you wanted to walk out the other side you have to turn yourself around okay so they don't get it but Dante's Dante is confused here it's lost his orientation Virgil explains it to him and so they finally get out we climbed he first and I behind until the small round opening ahead of us I saw the lovely things the heaven hole the heavens hold and we came out to see once more the stars and that ends in fernot now the inferno the purgatorio and the Paradiso all end with the same word which is stars so in the stars of course for us what the stars are for them the stars for us are these you know some sons that are trialing it trillions of miles per hour apart from each other and the the the mythic quality of the stars is lost in modern world but for them that is actually the heavens and so he sees the heavens so hell ends on a positive note he sees the stars the stars are saying of hope and then the purgatory and then the Paradiso as well so if you read only in the inferno you get the impression that Dante was a pretty negative guy because you know all the people in hell and they're suffering but two thirds of the divinity are dedicated to those who were saved and will eventually have the beat of the vision and only one third to the dance so it's more positive than you might think okay I think that is that's it for the for the burnow and then for people asking about translations some of this is hard to know like fidelity to original how do you know sometimes you have to read commentary about the translation itself or have the original and if you know some romance languages there are things that you can figure out and see with another stick with that would be that's a very difficult criteria readability you judge that yourself if it's readable to you if it makes sense that's why I say the dorothy sayers translation is not very readable but her notes are very good and the clarity and thoroughness of notes guides print guides is a book called the complete Dante worlds there's a website called Dante world as well the book is the as a little more to it but the very good site a modern readers guide is another one critical companions Dante those are just three that I got but they're there are many other ones there are several biographies Dante likes the way which I think is very good it's out of print you get it to ring the library the life of Dante by bocaccia this would have been the first one written short book Dante by RW Lewis Dante love which cannot just a couple years ago well within the last decade Dante I'll agree by Toynbee this is well known he's sites of bocaccia lot Robert Jean Hollander has scholarly notes the text is very faithful from what I can tell he's the she's the professional poet he is the Dante scholar so they this was a kind of a deal when they came out with this he's maybe the leading American Dante scholar today Marmusa that's a commonman John Chardi Anthony Eastland's appendices are very very good he gives you extra things they're not notes the text he does that he gives you appendices so you can read excerpts of what other writers before Dante wrote about their visions of hell for instance those are the kind of appendices he gives you very good Dorothy Sayers as an example of the introduction and the notes not so much for the actual text I think all of these except for Dorothy Sayers have their strings I would only have on the on the Hollander one the notes tend to be scholarly in that they will refer you to other scholars works but it's written for popular audience so he does both the notes that explain he gives you notes about his own translation choices like it could be this way could be that way so there is very very detailed I put that at the top because it seems to me that you get the closest to the original here but what do I know I'm not the expert it's based on what I've read and what other people have written but I'm not reading I can read some of Dante because it's a romance language but you know the many things I would know and I don't pretend to these are relatively expensive though even in paperback I think so the moose and the Chardi ones will be the least expensive and I just got one today in the mail I don't remember why I ordered this one I think just because I hadn't didn't have it Oxford world classics it's not very expensive transit by CH C song anyway so that's one yeah okay that's all any questions you know everything that's good yes yes there's a couple things one when you're going down initially seems as though he's doing the seven deadly sense which is what he does do for purgatory he breaks that off after the fifth sin of sloth so we don't have envy or pride pride actually prevails throughout they're just not a circle but they're all proud because they don't repent envy there's no circle of envy but he does speak about envy a lot usually associated with Florence and other cities so my own view is I said I believe that within his structure of hell there is it's chaos within structure and so what you expect hell to be as you're going along ten turns out not to be that so that's the disorder within the order what he decided to do was this threefold incontinence and then malice subdivided into violence and fraud so that the sins against the passions the appetites are the least bad the sins against the will which he's calling violence and some translations it'll be called these geology because he's taking that from Aristotle but it means the willful violence a violence which turns you into a beast actually but something like a beast and then the intellect being the highest the man's faculty any of any sins having to do with deception then are sins against the intellect and to the most human sins and therefore they harm man the most because they the intellect pertains to him if we have the the excluding angels man and the animals and the plants and the rocks it's the man with the intellect so that's what sets him apart and so that those are the worst sins but that means flattery which we didn't talk about flattery is worse than murder maybe not worse for you if you're the victim of it but he's saying it's it's worse for the in a strange way the one who commits the sin because it's a more of an affront against human nature because the beast can kill you the beast can't murder you but the beast can be violent and whether art animals of course and we can do commit a kind of fraud and that's a question I don't have to answer that it's through natural for instinct I suppose it's not willed okay yes there's a kind of mercy there yes because mercy is to reduce or erase or remove a punishment that's due to someone so you throw yourself on the mercy of the court okay the souls in hell are suffering because of their sins but they're suffering would actually be increased were they in the presence of God so that they're the pain that they suffer being in his presence is greater than the pain they suffer in hell because they have fled God they've rejected God and the fire of God's love would be experienced differently from the saints who chose him then it would be by the sinners in hell who rejected him that would be the idea so it's both just because they're being punished but their punishment would be worse if they were in heaven it's subjective to the person so that the saints of course they accept the fire of God's love and it warms them I suppose or enlightens them because there's light associated mostly in paradise but to the sinners in hell it would be a different experience so to fire that there's a fire of punishment and there's a fire of purgation and there's a fire of love so we have that in the three realms and you experience the fire differently according to your disposition towards it so the souls in purgatory are suffering and some of the sufferings are similar to the souls in hell but they experience the suffering differently because they're disposed favorably to it in purgatory they want to suffer because it's the suffering that they detach themselves from sin and attach themselves to God so such as if you're if you're training an athlete then the suffering that you may experience is different because you're attitude towards it then if you're forced to do it against your will or it was inflicted upon you yes makes sense I have this one year I want to try this out where because I had a philosophy teacher in college who did this where I say everything that's just the opposite of really what's going on and seeing if students buy it I had a philosophy teacher taught by error everything he said was wrong but he was testing the students by teaching error and if you didn't do the readings and think about it you were just sitting in the class one yeah that sounds right and then he'd rip into you at the end so he was a character as you said okay I've got a handout this week for purgatory so I'm not sure I got just about enough maybe those are here who are here together can take one just yeah actually very good you decide okay let's see here yeah okay I based this on Dorothy Sayers chart I added a few things to it so I'll explain some things and then we'll get into the story of purgatory and I'll do it a little differently from the inferno and I probably will run out of time but I'm not going to try not to speak so quickly I'll just we'll end where we are I'm reducing the inferno for my college prep class at St. Joseph's is we do a cantaloupe day so it takes 33 classes so I just condensed having hours at just 20 something hours into two okay so and the same thing then I do the purgatory and paired so it's a slightly faster pace with the honors I do two or three a day I think so we go pretty quickly so I'm leaving out lots of stuff and then you can read and find out where I'm wrong the purgatory chart I'm sure that has everything on it all the way to song a bit okay this actually shows how the structure of purgatory is highly ordered and Dante doesn't deviate from the structure in the way he does in hell and I think that it's either purposeful or it's applicable I mean it makes sense here because the soils are ordered towards God it says reading order there because you're going down the page you're going up purgatory I'll show you picture that minute but there is there are the various circles or regions two regions outside purgatory and then seven terraces that is going around the outside of this mountain so that's where we get the not what happened there oh that's gonna keep happening that I was in that suit that's my daughter one of the dollars okay with her head cut off that picture so I guess that's just happening once a while and then there is something at the bottom you can't see here maybe didn't print oh yeah the earth of paradise so that's the nine and ten it's also a seven plus two nine plus one so we have all those places there before you get to purgatory there's people that haven't made it quite through the gate yet they're hanging out side because they either just arrived or they're excommunicated they had to pretend of course but they're excommunically died excommunicated those two related repentance I want something happened here no it's okay they've laid repentance the indolent or the lazy the unsure of them meaning they didn't confess negligent rulers so those who repented late and so they got hang out of purgatory based on how long they delayed their repentance like that then purgatory proper we go to the gate and not themselves going through the stages of purgation here we have lower middle and upper purgatory lower purgatory is love perverted and here it's a love of neighbors harm talk about that later but for instance pride is love of self perverted to contempt for neighbor so you love yourself excessively and that love turns into or is perverted into a contempt for neighbor envy is loved ones own good which is okay right reverted to desire to deprived neighbor of his goods so these are all loves it can be proper would be proper but they're perverted in some way and then wrath is love of justice perverted to revenge so that's the lower purgatory although it looked like upper purgatory on the chart I guess I reversed it but again I was copying some of this from Dorothy's say if you translate you'll see something looks very much like this uh just ordered love of good uh we've got um middle and upper here deficient love of the primary good the primary good is God and sloth or a cedar is the failure to love God it's lack of zeal for God and God's the primary good or it can be an excess an excess of love of secondary goods which are things that got created so we have disordered love of good things so it's okay right to love these things uh avarice the avarice and prodigal excessive of money and power or comfort however you want to interpret the prodigal I think you talked about them the gluttons excessive of a pleasure and then also excessive of a persons so these are all things pleasure a persons uh money and even power right those all can be loved properly God certainly in those are disordered so he has taken the standard order of the seven deadly sins or one of the standard order you would find in the ages from worst to best you wouldn't call it that but so you'll notice here the loss of the gluttons adverse and prodigal the wrath will the sloth sloth will those appear more or less in that order a little bit here but they're together in hell actually so they're both the river sticks that really does follow that order uh in hell just in the other other direction okay so very ordered here I put some major characters here um they're not nearly he doesn't meet as many characters or nearly as many of them in prodigal glory because he doesn't have as many subdivisions but they're you can't keep track of them in prodigal glory but even less so in the inferno uh they'll have penances which are very pretty much straightforward and it's fairly easy to see uh why the penance is what it is uh there is a meditation in uh but again see I won't do that on the other thing so I'll get to this quickly um there are lessons that he learns and I've got them listed here um uh the quia and the proper quid proper quid I'll send a little bit of time on that um but there's a whip and a bridle the whip is the virtue to model yourself after and the bridle is the vice to overcome so each uh region has what he calls the whip and the bridle so the whip brings you forward and the bridle restrains you it's here's examples positive and negative examples every time and there's always a positive example in the whip of something from the life of the blessed virgin and then we'll have examples often not always from the Old Testament examples from pagan history uh for the brides I'm a for the uh the whip and then the bridles will be examples from uh the bible and ancient history for instance uh there are various prayers that are associated with each level and the prayers are appropriate uh to that level there's something in the prayer that speaks to the sin that has to be overcome there are various guardians here but they're really after kato who's the kind of like the the crusty old guy who meets you at the beginning uh they're really after this for the most part angels uh that are there to give down the past up to the next a lot we don't really see much of them uh and then there's a song or benediction a few songs from one of his dante's own composition uh that sung uh with a friend of his casela so dante doesn't meet some friends of his here and then uh the seven delisins are all associated with one of the beatitudes so uh quite brilliant on dante's part to make the association of the beatitudes to the seven delisins now you might be stretching at some points but he does do this and then he meets uh Beatrice there towards the end and the early paradise and see if there's anything else I'm gonna say that uh Matilda the strange character um okay so if you read the purgatory you can have the chart there uh to aid you the major characters are real people well dante believes they're real people well let me say this in the let me take it back is there someone from mythology that might not be real in purgatory o they may be mentioned in passing the characters he speaks to are real we i do know in um parediso there's one character from the trojan war how do i do that come on oh done uh presentations um but we're not dante believed the character from the trojan war was real i don't know so we may treat some people as mythological and dante may think treat them as historical now when you get into the in the hell the mythological creatures like the minotaur and the sin cars i'm assuming dante treats them as mythological creatures i don't know that you believe that they really existed but they're all symbolic in the in verno well that's the end you saw the ends oh well gotta go home was there a question no okay i guess i got to press that button purgatory okay wow okay don't think we'll finish the purgatory um but a lot of really is establishing the principle uh and then once you know the principles and you have the good notes then you can uh read actually fairly quickly especially read before you see you get bogged down and things that are important for dante because they have to do with the political circumstance he found himself in um and i would say that's the last thing to get bogged down and do that later get bogged down and that later um after you've read a few times alright so here's the um the purgatory system mountain it is uh it's the opposite of uh hell right hell's not huddled out in any other direction so the deeper you go the more crowded or the more claustrophobic claustrophobic you might become as you just into hell because there's less than less space as you ascend the mount purgatory uh because the the mountain is narrow and narrower you're actually uh the opposite is happening to you more and more space is being opened up to you so you're approaching the infinite so the i guess in hell they're approaching the very finite small and purgatory they're approaching the infinite the infinitude of god okay so i don't know if you can see why that would be but here down here because of the size of the base there's less universe around you up at the top since it's narrow there's more universe around you that makes sense it's kind of odd but it works okay so he's going to eventually there's there's a shore here and people will ride by boat and he's going to eventually pass the gate with a little bit of trouble and then these are the the terraces of sometimes called the cornices and these are the various punishments that are being represented here that he gets the prepared ice which is really uh the guard seemingly the garden of eden okay all right um the doctrine of purgatory uh it's a place of condition of temporal punishment for those who departing this life in god's grace uh are not entirely pre convenient or false uh or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions okay uh the souls of purgatory on earth can aid each other with prayer and this end that being pretty important and you know adding characters in purgatory that no one's praying for because they thought they were in hell so you get well please have my wife pay for me she's not right now so it's a little sad and God always accepts repentance in the moment of death uh so that's good uh those in hell did not take advantage of that and there are people in purgatory that they're surprised when they wake up you'll find out that's where they are it's a big surprise soon um okay i actually went through this new arrival etc actually showed it on the chart i showed you that i was talking about that i didn't need to show you the chart okay the new arrivals um when um the person in charge of everything right here is kato who is uh virtuous pagan and also committed suicide uh kato of utika um he opposed caesar which Brutus and Cassius did and they find himself in hell so don't they doesn't make it easy always for the reader to determine why his soul is where he is um somebody that kato is actually unredeemed he's not saved um others believe that he is and that at the last day he will join others in heaven now there's some arguments for and against and don't they doesn't tell us which one against his redemption is he's unvaptized um there are a couple of unvaptized in heaven so there is a possibility the other argument against is he's not progressing in purgatory in the way that others are he's there that's his job to show people away uh to the gate so but he's not going to wear himself he's kind of a he's not the nicest guy either um arguments for are that uh his wife's fate his wife marcia is in limbo and it doesn't matter to him it doesn't move him when when he's told that oh we're gonna Virgil says when i get back on limbo i'll tell marcia about you it doesn't matter to him that might imply that he's like the other of those who are saved who don't really pay attention to those in hell doesn't matter to them he also issued forth from limbo apparently or seemingly at the harrowing of hell when the righteous of the old testament were rescued um christ christ christ fiction that would argue seemingly for a salvation that's one you can get your phd if you want trying to answer this question okay so kato greets then he's kind of a crusty old fellow there's a there's a uh the ocean there that uh in a boat that's being driven by an angel arrives uh these are uh the new arrivals are just getting there some of them had to wait a long time that even be allowed on the boat they all gather at the river tiber and uh become this boat and but you don't have to guarantee that just get you there first it's kind of like southwest airlines you just uh you know rush in anyway some don't get them get there um early they have to wait wait wait one soul tries to embrace uh dante this is cassella a musician from the dante's uh who set some of dante's poetry to music and this is actually the the song that is sung in the section dante's uh lyrics to the song that cassella wrote the music for um he tries to embrace uh dante um but because dante's has his body and cassellos doesn't yet they can't and there are a lot of scenes in the purgatorio which echo scenes in the inferno their characters in the purgatorio the echo characters in the inferno the difference is of the repentance so they have the same sin and so i think dante makes clear in the purgator that that's what's going on uh this reminds me really of uh in some ways the scene that he has with bernetto latini in the realm of the sodomites in the seventh circle violence against nature because dante's unable to greet his old teacher properly you get the impression that he would like to but he can't because of the uh the uh bernetto latini's on the burning plane and the fire is falling from the sky and here though um the um the um the impossibility simply because of the um the bodied and the un-bodied okay um all right so this seems the song uh we see the um so that some of the new arrivals i think have the ex-communicates next yeah the ex-communicates those who are excommunicated um the important person here is uh manfred um the important point i suppose of the ex-communicates ex-communicates being in um purgatory is the point that dante's making that ex-communication is serious but that's not the last word so one can repent at the end of one's life still be ex-communicated and saved okay so ex-communication is not uh by itself a guarantee of damnation um dante asks the question this is the aquea and proctor quid question i'm just going to explain this briefly uh uh dante expresses um uh some fear that he's been abandoned by virgil at certain point he doesn't see virgil's shadow he sees his own but not virgil but virgil is a cast of shadow and uh virgil chastises him uh telling him that man cannot understand the infinite can't understand everything and he says to him be satisfied with quia unexplained or human race if you knew everything no need for mary to have born a son so the incarnation is part of god's revelation but if you already knew everything that would be necessary maybe maybe maybe or maybe not that's true but this quia that he's speaking of uh is uh what we might call knowledge by induction or uh posteriori which is to know a thing from its effect to its cause the um so that is contrasted with the proper their quid which is knowledge of why a thing is from cause to effect the cause is the reason for the effect and the knowledge of the proper quid um is the more perfect knowledge so if you can set up a syllogism all cows or ruminants all ruminants ruminants have war stummox and therefore all cows have war stummox you can come to a perfect knowledge it must be true whereas if we uh know things from effect to cause for instance in science and observation uh then we come to tentative conclusions um so our knowledge of god has to be that kind of imperfect knowledge we can't start from uh the um in an deductive way we don't have the first principle now we can positive first principle and then conditions and draw conclusions but we're not given the first principle through a philosophy okay so this is uh the reason i mentioned this you don't have to follow all this but this goes on throughout the purgatorio that's why i had to add that column which the northeast Asian heaven heard of lessons Dante's constantly being taught lessons in the purgatorio there's things also in the peridisot that he must learn as well but it's striking it's very seems very formal it's formal in peridisot as well but one thing after another some of them are somewhat obscure to us philosophically we would know why anybody would even care about this about this but in Dante's day they were burning philosophical issues that are that are answered okay um yes uh he says right uh be satisfied with quia unexplained so what he has is the knowledge of god through nature the effects uh now he's not he seems not to be uh including faith in this which is the revelation but that still would not be um the proctor quid well in some ways it would be but not philosophically yeah right right yeah um he doesn't he only raises the besatisfied with quia unexplained i'm adding the rest of the story uh because that's seemingly what he's speaking about um but it's simply uh it's kind of an odd place that he raises it it seems to be uh he chastises Dante seemingly it's me a little excessively um at this point uh Dante's you know fear that he's been abandoned it seems maybe natural so it looks like Virgil needs to teach in this lesson and just waiting for an opportunity like you might with a child i'm gonna teach in this lesson i'm gonna wait for something to happen so i can bring it up even if it doesn't fit exactly right that's what it looks like to me a little bit that Virgil's doing okay um all right so that that's the important thing about the uh to me that's the important thing about the uh those that are excommunicated okay so in case you're worried about being excommunicated we don't really need to worry about that anymore um yeah the late repentant um mentioned before really these are well maybe i didn't even mention one of these um this is i got a picture of pia they told him eh um yeah the late repent the two characters really one is that one Dante de Monta Feltra, a guido son uh he died in battle and he on his last words were Maria he died an angel and a demon both come to take him so it looks like the scene with his father where st Francis comms and in the evil chair of him um as i mentioned guido pre-repence one conte late repence and so he gets to be taken by the angel but the demon got his body and caused a great storm to wash it away and Dante tells the story because the body was never recovered from the battle so the demon gets something out of it gets the body but of course the body will be resurrected on the final day so the the demon's victory is short lived um this is the first character that uh praised for Dante and asked for Dante's prayer and this is the one that i mentioned that his wife is not even praying for because everyone assumed that he'd be in hell okay so that's a lesson to don't assume that um next he meets very very briefly pia de told me who was murdered by her husband um which we saw with Francesca uh was murdered by hers so it's a parallel story uh she's a late repentant and she says like only one sentence i believe it's very very brief and so she's a contrast to Frances the Francesca the one that was always talking talking talking talking love love love and palace weeping but maybe because uh she won't be quiet uh pia is a is a contrast a fumility a turd she doesn't uh defend herself she's grateful of course we're being in purgatorio she was murdered by hisbens uh but that's it she doesn't give a long story um there is um there's another character they run into sort of delo um and the only really thing i'm going to talk about here is as a side note um dante uh rails against italy uh which he does a lot and he fern everybody continues it in purgatorio and even up into the purgiso because sordello ignores dante but embraces Virgil because they're from the same city of Manchu and he recognizes Virgil's accent and so dante then goes on and on about italy in the various factions of the cities and how terrible it is and in the uh the family's any names among the family's any names are the cappoletti and montechi the cappoletti and the montechi in english they're known as the cappolets and the mother use okay so Shakespeare didn't make that whole thing i'm sure okay um so lesson there for us um eventually there are various uh characters who are you know fall into the late repented category but the idea you know is basically repeated without going to a lot of detail but there is uh he sees judge nino who's the grandson of count who will he know who's in hell so he's a lot of he has a family actually uh there's one family where there's one in hell when purgatory one in heaven right now so basically covering the basis and uh that actually is uh another question uh that dante asks and it will go over it which is basically why uh kind of good tree produced bad fruit uh so i can have good families and have bad children and uh dante shows it as possible by putting family members brothers and sisters into the various regions okay at least two or say it's one knot so that's good for the family uh canto nine is when he gets to the gate of purgatory canto nine in the inferno is when he gets to the gate the city of this so he's obviously uh wants us to see a fair little there um and to uh go up the gate there's an angel there sitting in for uh seemingly st. Peter um there are three steps is white marble one you can see that maybe in the picture uh there is a deep purple one but the white one is polished like a mirror so you can see yourself in it the uh the deep purple one is rough and crumbling uh and then there's a red one like a red as blood we're told so the in order to progress in the spiritual life one must look at oneself as an mirror and that's the first step right that is the examination of conscience for instance uh one uh like the second step must be broken and that is the contrition of the sorrow for one sins uh and then one must uh do one's penance which is represented by the the blood red of the third step so when dante it looks like pretty easy steps to go up uh but they are represented what dante must accomplish and whatever human being must accomplish now now we need it i think talk here about the allegory um this the hell is the punishment of for sins but it intends us to see in hell sins for what they are which is why satan is so kind of an ugly creature and satan is he's large and ugly um but he uh in the end he has he's the king of uh an empty kingdom there's no one that listens to them he's a false king um so that's part of it but it's also just the ugliness of sin but of course he presents himself as something beautiful which sin does uh and purgatory then is not simply the souls who have died and gone to purgatory but this is our path that we must take as well in order to purge our sins be it now or later it's got to be done at some point if you're going to get to heaven you can't avoid the detachment from sin so this can be undertaken so this is an allegory it can be undertaken now you don't have to wait for it once you see what he has to do you might not want to but if you have faith and hope then you can do this joyfully is the idea uh doubt he falls to his uh knees here smites his breast three times you know the meocouple meocouple mea maxima copple which was thankfully restored in the last couple of years uh through my fault my fault through my most grievous fault not grievous that way the angel inscribes the angel inscribes seven peas on his forehead and they have the peace dance for pakata or sins and those are erased as he goes up so he's um tattooed in the way with a reminder of the sins um he's told uh virgendante to enter but do not look back which means to go back out again so uh this is one of those times when um don't they must push forward without looking back um he looked back at the very beginning at the the dark woods which is a bad sign i don't think i pointed this out but when he leaves the wood of the suicides after he's gone for a while he makes a point of saying he did not turn back he didn't know if he gets the woods because he did not turn back and look at them and that's actually i think a very significant scene in the inferno because we have two uh scenes of woods that don't take us through um the wood of the suicide second and then this would have sinned so i think my interpretation is that donte's sin that puts him into the dark wood at the beginning of the tale is despair because that's the sin of the suicides and that's what the root of their sin is despair don't they never tell us what a sin is we know that he has other he we know that he's attached to some degree to pry we see that soon and mostly to loss that's what he tells us through his he doesn't that's the most painful for him to pass through so we know he he accuses himself of those sins but i think there's despair as well which is why there is the need of divine intervention uh and sending a bird's up to him to get him out of this because that's a dangerous dangerous sin okay so he must go forward uh an upward and around the same time as he goes um okay so he passes that uh he gets to the proud here um that's uh excessive level ones on excellence or to the detriment of uh one's neighbor the uh the whips are of humility are carved into the stone and he calls this the art of visible speech it's as though the stone relies uh that he sees these stories one of them these are all whipped social abilities so they're all examples of humility because humility is the virtue uh to counteract uh pride uh the enunciation is one uh there is the scene of david dancing before the ark and then the story of trayson in the widow famous story where uh trayson although he's the emperor uh is moved to tears by the story of the poor widow has for her son and he um or her excuse me her murdered son and uh he shows her mercy okay their penances are carried these heavy weights on their backs because they stood so tall and they were haughty they have to be made humble right so they're bent low okay so that is the the penance where they take they're taking these uh willingly uh as they go uh we're told uh by donte he addresses the haughty christians who put their trust in things that pull them back we are worms each born to form the angelic butterfly that flies defenseless to the final judge so lovely image uh the worm humble creature that becomes the butterfly or the saint so the beauty of the butterflies may be possible by the humility of what he calls the worm okay then there are the um the bridles of pride which are various uh scenes lucifer is one of them famous one um that's the most important one there but there's several there quite a few there's maybe a dozen different examples of pride different kinds of pride which we want you to go into envy um there there's been addiction by the way as you see on the on the chart is blessed at all the poor in spirit right that's the humility that they need to learn the envious are next envious sometimes envy is classified in some lists just the envy as the most deadly of the sins in some you'll see sloth um but pride i think um holds by the place um mostly this is interesting uh envy is um you could say sorrow at another's good fortune there's the opposite which is called a shot in froyd which is uh pleasure at um there's sorrow at good fortune and pleasure at misfortune and he gets both of those uh examples the um these characters are lying about sitting against the wall and their eyes are some shots and dont even says when he gets the purgatory's he hopes he will he won't spend much time or so dont even think that he's guilty of envy the reason their eyes are some shot is the eye is the organ of envy in a way right because you see what other people what other people have and then there's covetousness that can follow from that as well um the um the blessed virgin kena is the main whip there uh they have no wine uh and so she is there's a kind of generosity that's necessary to overcome envy right the generosity or liberality um the characters that he meets are curious uh they hear dontae in Virgil and they start talking about them uh who one asks who is running around our mountainside before his soul is getting wings by death opening his eyes and closing them at will and so the reason he's on this the the center shows that he still is attached to envy he envies he doesn't see that he hears in envies dontae's circumstance and so that's evidence that he must stay here his punishment has not been sufficient at the moment that he is no longer envies uh he can get up himself i guess un so the eyelid and progress to the next stage it's always up to you to progress you decide then of course you don't want to until you're purified so it's standing in the gosson law and do what you will uh their wills are still aligned to to god so they know when they no longer have the attachment so they're they're willingly suffering uh this okay uh ken is uh the bridle of envy of course envy the the uh the accepted sacrifice um the benediction blessed are the merciful uh wrath um the opposing virtue of wrath is uh meekness uh mary and joseph find jesus in the temple um that is the one of the stories example of meekness because they could have been angry at that i suppose st um so uh the uh smokestly much for dontae here uh he had his eyes open with the envious but not here so maybe there's a certain amount of wrath that dontae must rid himself of as he passes through that circle um the very basic britle of different examples of wrath uh against kendren and friends gods chosen uh etc many many examples of that blessed with peacemakers is the uh the attitude there um in the midst of all this virgid delivers a couple of discourses on love and i'll mention these because they have to do with the structure of hell um but he says there's two kinds of love natural love and rational love and natural love is basically instinct and it's never at fault in and of itself because it's not the intellect of the will then there's rational love which can err by choosing the wrong goal by insufficient zeal or excessive zeal it cannot err while it's fixed on eternal good while at the same time observing temperance in loving worldly goods you can see in upper pergative of the structure there if one is fixed on eternal good god and it's temperate with the secondary goods it cannot err it'd be a kind of perfect love so fix uh your mind and will on god and be temperate in worldly goods and then you'll be fine okay easier said than done and then it errs when it turns more to evil and pursues some good with excessive or deficient zeal those are right there in lower middle and upper purgatory okay so a little uh it actually speaks more and more and more detail about this uh but we'll go on uh he gets the slawful uh this is lack of zeal for god it's not simply laziness someone can have a lot of energy but have no zeal for god the primary good okay so uh in fact someone who lacks zeal for god could be excessively busy because of course their lack of zeal is uh would be a thing they have to cover over because like the uh the souls in limbo there would be some innate recognition of an unfilville desire so uh being overly busy could hide uh the uh sloth or the cedia or cedia uh the lack of zeal these of course the the solution to sloth is to make these people run around a lot so not they does recognize that the there is an element of what we call laziness in sloth it's spiritual though but he's manifested it in a physical way uh Mary ran in haste to the hills we hear as the whip of zeal uh and in the bridle of sloth the israelites lagging behind um and got swallowed by the red sea uh and then the certain trojans who didn't follow the nieus all the way to illi they hung around at one of the boards and didn't leave uh dot he has a very very strange dream around here uh before uh it goes on to the um abris and uh i want to go over this in detail because it's so odd and telling um so it's a lesson that he learns but not one that someone preaches to him right or teaches him it's a dream that he has just before dawn and they have to stop at night they can't progress just before dawn dante is a dream of a woman stuttering cross-eyed stumbling on main feet with ugly yellow skin and deformed hands that's quite a way to begin a dream okay so not lovely or beautiful at all dante stares at her and she becomes beautiful she sings and captures dante's mind she is the sweet siren as she is singing a saintly lady appears at dante's side and cries out to virgil virgil seizes the siren in rips off her garments revealing her belly the stench from which wakes dante from his sleep virgil later calls the siren that ageless sorceress for whom alone the souls above must weep that is the souls of a purgatory who are guilty of the excessive love of secondary goods because we've passed by the deficient love of the primary good we're not going to the excessive love of secondary goods uh well food and drink person's etc so the siren seems to represent the souls excessive desire for the secondary good it is this disordered law which makes the contingent thing the thing that could not be into the absolute it turns the creature into the creator thus the power of the imagination is guilty for overestimating the happiness that the created world can give so dante sees the truth at first when he sees the siren he sees the truth that the promise that she offers is a lie but in his imagination he begins to believe what he wants to believe about her and becomes beautiful so he knows at first the sin but as he thinks about it the sin doesn't seem so bad and maybe he'd like to commit it after all so I think it's it's a pretty interesting um process and I don't know how many people would agree that that has happened I don't know that that's universal but for dante it's true and I can see how it could be universally true I can't say that it is of course one must know what what the sin is in that it's in but I think some sins can work this way so the ugliest turn into the beautiful okay anyway I find that uh very that the whole image of the dream it's mysterious but that seems to be what it's about the sloth or the one group that doesn't have the prayer okay or he has put an exception into the into the purgatory but it seems to be their labor their work their their motion is their prayer at least I can't remember a thumb the the said strive to do good that grace me bloom again so that's where you get that okay the purgatory was the three purgatory was Dorothy Sayers favorite of the three it's easy to make the inferno your favorite because it's the most exciting there a lot happens dante's falling down all the time and fainting and crying and he kicks one guy in the head he pulls the hair out of another guy and he curses the guy in the river sticks and there's a lot of action and there's not so much but she Dorothy Sayers loved the I think the order and the beauty of purgatory while it was also something that we can experience directly here and now because one can go undergo these these um brigations so that there's a beauty of the paradiso but it is beyond us in a way that the purgatory is not and we hope that the inferno eventually repulses us actually not as a work of art but that the what Dante experiences repulses we should be repulsed by the scent the aberratius there it's a strange punishment they have to cleave to the ground this excess of desire for wealth so I suppose that you know they just wile on the dirt it's you know dirt cheap I suppose it's kind of the idea here there's a quotation about Mary and how poor she was and then various examples of aberras given as well the mountain shakes at this point he hears Gloria and excellencies Deo sung there's a lot of music actually here I didn't mention that I gave you some list of songs I don't think I gave all of them but there's a lot of music in purgatory there is wailing and gnashing of teeth in the inferno and it's painful to the ears there's joyful singing in purgatory they come across a stazios was the first century Roman poet whether or not he says that he converted secretly before he died I think that's made it by Donte or maybe there's no firm historical evidence of that stazios is a very interesting story he's talking to Dante about Virgil and he needed not knowing that Virgil is the other guy there and he became a Christian in part by reading Virgil so the virtue found in Virgil is part of his inspiration so here we have you know this idea that God can work in ways that we don't otherwise expect right he works through a pagan author in the case of Virgil the benediction of the averages and the prodigal there as well are blessed are they who thirst for righteousness the average in the prodigal is learned to desire justice that's the righteousness paying each man what he is due because they don't do that especially the averageis okay so that then counterstazios istazios he's just progressed up to the next level and that's what the shouting was all about not the shouting of the gloria and so he kind of hangs around with them as they progress upwards he goes along with them he was a prodigal actually he says rather than averageis the glottons they are this very obvious punishment they're walking around and they're this beautiful tree the branches rather than hanging on this way they hang up that way so they can't reach the branches and there's a beautiful fruit and they can't get it they can't get the food and there's this waterfall falling on to the leaves but of course there's no water coming to them and so they must be denied those things that they so wanted their prayer is open my lips oh lord and my mouth shall proclaim your praises okay which is an appropriate prayer for them because they were opening their lips not to proclaim the praise of God but to stop their mouths with the food okay um all right so they must pass by the the food until they no longer desire it there's a lot more here i'm getting towards the end so let's conclude with the glottons i've got actually the the best in the purgatory i was saved for last it is at the very top and i'm just going to get back and show you the slide that in the artistic rendering that's not too passing through the fires of lust it's this slide which is a pageant in which we meet Virgil i mean i'm sorry it'd be a trist but just to wet the appetite for you there is a canopy it's described to be something like a eucharistic procession like a corpus christic procession there's a canopy uh there are the candles is a canopy and under the canopy where the blessed sacrament would be carried is Beatrice okay so i might not be able to see that in in this particular draw or drawing anyway that is in some respects the most interesting that i think that Dante does in the purgatory it's at the very top it's against the earthy paradise and he sees this pageant so we'll say that for next week but you can think in the meantime what it might mean allegorically uh to for dante uh and for us knowing who Beatrice is for dante to have her in the corpus christic procession what looks like that in the place of the blessed sacrament it might seem at first to be a sacrilege okay so it's not bad to pursue that thought is this a sacrilege uh that dante is committing or is there or is there something else and then maybe i'll try to remember to ask that question what might that possibly mean uh and some may take the sacrilege point and maybe someone take another point it's not it's something not sacrilegious which would be better than having something sacrilege so anyway i'll get to that at some point early on next week and then we'll go through heaven and maybe i should go back to hell do but okay um any questions