第99期：人生路漫漫，你要怎么走？蹦跶还是溜达呢？

麻雀蹦、喜鹊走，不同的鸟在地上是怎么活动的？多数的小鸟爱蹦跶，十来克的麻雀下肢短，如果要是想交替迈步，就得提高步频，实在太费劲了。蹦着走能把腿当成弹簧，靠肌腱储能弹起，一次跳好几个身长，抓虫子、躲猫都比别人快一步儿。灰喜鹊常年在树冠上蹦哒，下地以后，也懒得再学新技能，就沿用他们树上练的本事吧。大块头的鸟就得溜达了。像是喜鹊、乌鸦，他们的体重摆在那儿，硬蹦的话，落地冲击力能伤到关节，代谢也烧得慌，交替迈步的时候总会有一脚沾地，省力又护骨头。今天的节目就是说说到底是蹦跶还是溜达。BGM：许冠杰 - 浪子心声参考文献：Xu, X., Zhou, Z., Dudley, R., et al. (2014). An integrative approach to understanding bird origins.Science, 346(6215), 1253293.Wang, M., & Zhou, Z. (2023). Low morphological disparity and decelerated rate of limb size evolution close to the origin of birds.Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02091-zMacaulay, S., Hoehfurtner, T., Cross, S. R. R., Marek, R. D., Hutchinson, J. R., Schachner, E. R., Maher, A. E., & Bates, K. T. (2023). Decoupling body shape and mass distribution in birds and their dinosaurian ancestors.Nature Communications, 14, 1575.刘迪, 周忠和, 张玉光. (2012). 中国中生代鸟类的体重估计及其演化趋势. 古脊椎动物学报, 50(1), 39–52.张玉光, 田晓阳, 李志恒. (2008). 中国中生代鸟类后肢骨骼的长度比例特征及栖息习性的分析. 古脊椎动物学报, 46(4), 317–329.步态、足型与运动形态Provini, P., & Höfling, E. (2020). To hop or not to hop? The answer is in the bird trees.Systematic Biology, 69(5), 962–972.Carril, J., De Mendoza, R. S., Degrange, F. J., Barbeito, C. G., & Tambussi, C. P. (2024). Evolution of avian foot morphology through anatomical network analysis.Nature Communications, 15, 9888.Hayes, G., & Alexander, R. McN. (1983). The hopping gaits of crows (Corvidae) and other bipeds.Journal of Zoology, 200(2), 205–213.Andrada, E., Haase, D., Sutedja, Y., et al. (2015). Mixed gaits in small avian terrestrial locomotion.Scientific Reports, 5, 13636.Daley, M. A., & Birn-Jeffery, A. (2018). Scaling of avian bipedal locomotion reveals independent effects of body mass and leg posture on gait.Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(10), jeb152538.运动能量学与生物力学Bautista, M., Tinbergen, J., & Kacelnik, A. (2001). To walk or to fly? How birds choose among foraging modes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(3), 1089–1094.Griffin, T. M., & Kram, R. (2000). Penguin waddling is not wasteful.Nature, 408, 929.Gutmann, A. K., Lee, D. V., & McGowan, C. P. (2013). Collision-based mechanics of bipedal hopping.Biology Letters, 9(4), 20130418.Biewener, A. A., McGowan, C., Card, G. M., & Baudinette, R. V. (2004). Dynamics of leg muscle function in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) during level versus incline hopping.Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(2), 211–223.Watson, R. R., Rubenson, J., et al. (2011). Gait-specific energetics contributes to economical walking and running in emus and ostriches.Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278.Wilkinson, H., Thavarajah, N., & Codd, J. R. (2015). The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus).PeerJ, 3, e987.Alexander, R. M. (2003).Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.专著郑光美 (主编). (2012). 鸟类学（第2版）. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社.珍妮弗·阿克曼. (2020). 鸟类的行为（The Bird Way）. 南京: 译林出版社.