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Plus, it's available in bookstores now. Wouldn't that come together to a place we know we are loved? This is Planet Money from NPR. My friend and colleague Bobby Allen has been covering the unanimous growth of prediction markets for NPR.
You know, the ones where you can bet on everything from Taylor Swift's wedding date to the war in Iran. And Bobby says this, please, has kind of come out of nowhere. Like a few years ago, when the CEO of one of the biggest prediction markets in the world reached out to Bobby. Like, hey, FYI might be worth incorporating like some Cal Shoe prediction markets into your coverage.
And I was like, prediction what? Like, what Cal Shoe isn't that a cereal? The first thing that made Bobby think, wait, this maybe really big deal, happened last December. First, he saw Cal Shoe was partnering with CNN, meaning that CNN would be telling people the news and also telling them what people were betting on that news.
And around the same time, people were actually betting on whether a famine would be declared in Gaza. Those two things colliding made me think like, what is this company all about? Who's using it? Why does CNN care about it?
I guess WTF, how is this a thing? Ever since, Bobby has been listening to Cal Shoe's proponents and its detractors and trying to sort out exactly what this company is doing, either for us or to us. And we at Planet Money, we asked Bobby to take us along on the ride he's been on, starting with the Cal Shoe traders he met when he went looking for them, where they hang out, in chats on Discord. My account is like, Bobby 176539, there's like no photo, like I look like a bot, but it's fine.
Definitely not in arc. Bobby was thinking that these prediction markets apps might be the next frontier of online gambling edition. So when he first got on the Discord, he was asking around for stories of financial ruin. And I got absolutely savage for this, like absolutely savage.
Here walks in an NPR reporter who announces himself as an NPR reporter and asks, hey, I'm looking for someone who's addicted to Cal Shoe and who lost a lot of money. And they just utterly drag me and we're just like, who is this guy? You're calling us DeGens, which is like slang for like degenerate, trader, like you're just looking for a DJ, you just want to ruin this industry. Like what's wrong with you?
Bobby's actually learning all of this vocabulary as he goes. He starts keeping a glossary. Degenerators don't know what they're doing and will lose their life savings. So Bobby's like, okay, this is not a therapy group for losers.
I get it. This was where the winners brag, where the whales are, what they call the sharps. No, not sharks, sharks with the pea. Doing what they call printing.
The very active ones are extremely savvy and they love putting on their Twitter bio like from 10,000 to 900,000 on Cal Shoe. Right? So Bobby's like, how are they winning so big? He starts asking people about what they call alpha, how they're getting an edge so they can predict the future better.
Like some people are buying powerful antennas so they can have a millisecond advantage listening to a press conference. And Bobby's trying to get them to talk by speaking to them in their own language. I go, well, here's my proposed headline, Cal Shoe Bond sharps turn to antenna maxing in search of market alpha, which is something that would never appear on NPR.org. But what was a nod to the way they speak?
And one guy says, Defo a hit. Another guy says, LOL, I think I like this guy. I hope somebody talks to him. He actually seems cool.
Another guy says, I just DM him. He's in. What's your job history, Ben? Like, yeah, so I graduated a little over two years ago.
So now Bobby is madly typing notes in his interviews. And he meets a guy named Logan Suddeth, who is 25 and last year quit his job at a private credit firm to do prediction markets full time. Do you want me to do a new job? Are you doing trading full time?
Yeah, I was making more from trading on Colshey after work than I was from my job. You're kidding. Like more every month than he was earning all year at his old job. He says that's amazing, dude.
Wow. Logan's alpha is just research research research. He made more than $40,000 for example, on predicting time magazine's person of the year by analyzing what they were covering the most. I can't hold you, I said.
Booth. Bobby found a guy posting about his alpha on a bet about how long it would take Charlie Booth to sing the national anthem at the Super Bowl. I saw that Charlie Booth was in San Francisco like three days before. So I flew out there immediately when outside the stadium.
I was like, oh, this guy's a perfect example of someone who's willing to literally go the extra mile to have an edge that people would think would be unfathomable. Caden Booth bought a stopwatch and his device used for listening to bird sounds and hung out on the sidewalk outside the stadium waiting for the rehearsal to start so he could time it. I thought I was going to show up here and there'd be 500 people sitting outside. I really thought there'd be 500 people in long turns all trying to make easy money.
To me, I was like, this is just coming since. And Caden did win many thousands of dollars. But where did that come from? And what is all of this predicting doing to us?
Hello and welcome to Planet Money. I'm Mary Childs here with NPR's Bobby Allen. Hey, Mary. What's up?
Never would I have predicted we'd be doing that because of the other but here we are. Okay. I also predicted the future is so strange. Prediction markets are obviously great for the cadence and Logan's of the world.
We're making a bag and great for the companies that run these prediction markets too are also making a bag. These companies exist now because they have convinced regulators that they're also great for the rest of us. That they're adding new knowledge to the world, making us more informed about the future. And Bobby has been asking, is that right?
Today on the show, the case Calche has been making to regulators to courts and to the public as to why what looks like gambling and seems like gambling is not. We will hear why that argument has been kind of working. And if it stops them, what prediction markets could do to our future? So as Bobby enters this world of people who are, say, prediction markets are the next big thing, a route to prosperity is becoming richer, smarter, happier.
He's like, the first step towards understanding all this hype is to try it. Most people are downloading these apps right now because of sports. It's the only place you can bet on sports in all 50 states. So that's about 80% of what's happening on Calche.
But then there's all this other stuff like questions about what will happen in the world in pop culture and politics, whether a world leader will be toppled. Plus something called mention markets, capital M, capital M, where people bet on whether someone will or won't say something. Bobby gave me a little tour through betting on mention markets, capital M, capital M. I did get clearance from Marianne and Alex to do this.
That's our bill. Is it Planet Money? I'm not allowed to do a lot. Okay.
Under 20K. The day we tried it, President Trump was about to give a very important speech that lots of people were watching about the war in Iran. So we decided to bet on which words he would say in this speech. Okay, fund your account.
How much do I put 50? Ooh, you're gonna make some money or lose some money. The app is very brightly colored and super engaging. There's charts all over the place.
You can kind of stop looking at the thing. Okay, deposit now. I'm gonna push the button ready. Ooh.
You can literally see trades just flowing all over the screen in real time. I feel like I'm in an arcade. I mean, that's exactly the point. Yeah, you see the probability of whether a word will be said or not.
You're seeing like a lot of numbers going up, going down depending on how traders are betting. Oh, wow. 95 for Epic Fury. Is he, I don't know, nuclear?
People 98% odds, nuclear. That's pretty good. Um. Let's work for Tariff.
Do you think that's a good one? Oh, yes or no on Tariff? Yes, Tariff. Okay.
On the US on Tariff, it's a low odds one. It's 17% only. That's not great, but let's see. But I think I'm right.
I think he's gonna say it. As we speak this evening, it's been just one month. Okay, here it is. I'm hearing it.
After Trump started talking, he immediately said like 15 of the words on the list. And all these words on the list, by the way, they're known as strikes. And he even said words that I had thought were pretty improbable. Like, Barack Hussein Obama.
Someone just said on Discord, holy s-fest. It's a yes-fest. Oh, should we just put more money down? As we were watching, the odds of every word were jumping all around.
And we just really locked in. Like the world stopped. We felt like we were looking at this through a soda straw. Did he say our word?
Will he? It becomes all your brain can think about. So when Trump starts talking about the economy, Mary's basically trying to goad him into saying the word Tariff. Our economy is strong and approving by the beginning.
Because of? We'll soon be roaring back like. Because of? We are experiencing a very special kind of prediction market pain known as weaving.
Wow, he really almost said Tariff twice. This is crazy. We're so nervous. He's really playing footsy with Tariff over here.
He's really like just flirting with it. He's walking around it. Listeners, thank you for your faith in me. But I did lose $5 on my yes, Tariff.
But he never said it. Meanwhile, Bobby is a centimeter after a month of betting on these markets. Just a bigger amount. Yes, and I'm speaking to you now from my PJ.
It's very police. And your first takeaway, Bobby, on your reporting journey is this feels a lot like gambling. It does. It's a game, right?
You get this dopamine rush every time you win. If you're losing, you want to chase your losses, and it's absolutely maddening. And there's always another market, Mary, the next hour. It just goes and goes and goes and goes.
And this feels like gambling experience. Bobby is definitely not alone. As he's following the story, he's reporting on all these lawsuits where lots of states are also accusing Calchee of being gambling. Some of them are trying out a very basic definition, which in Miriam Webster is the practice of risky money or other states in a game we're bet.
In their early ads, Calchee even portrayed itself like gambling. They were kind of cute about it. Ali phrased it. They were basically like bet on the NFL, legal, and all 50 states.
And important note, all the existing online sports betting apps are currently categorized as gambling. And as Bobby gets deeper into this giant fight with the states over whether Calchee is gambling or not, he realizes the whole existence of these prediction apps depends on the courts agreeing with Calchee. That these yes or no questions about the future are like derivatives, like swaps, a regular regular financial instrument in which two parties with opposite views on the direction of some price or level agree to bet against each other. So I started digging into that.
I really wanted to understand the argument that Calchee CEO and co-founders have been making from the start in defense of these prediction markets. And that means I finally write him back and say, hey, Tark, sorry I missed your message two years ago, but here I am. I think I'm ready to talk now. Can you?
Well, I mean, I guess you can. Yeah, that works actually. The first thing Tarkman sort always says about why Calchee's not gambling, at least not, like a casino, is that there is no house. He says Calchee doesn't win when betters lose.
Instead, it makes money every time people bet a little percentage of every bet. So their incentive is to have as many bets as possible. Touching. And then the next thing he's always claiming is just because you're speculating about the future.
It doesn't mean you're gambling. I always say this, speculation is not equal to gambling. Because speculation is equal to gambling. Then our entire financial markets is gambling.
Yeah, but I mean, if the comments section on NPR stories is any indication Tark. I mean, many people think this is gambling. I mean, they say, you're putting up money, you might win some, you might lose some. It's uncertain outcome.
That's gambling. To me, I know my customers, I know what they're trading. And why they're excited about this is because at the end of the day, they're trading to say why they're trading in the stock market. But in this case, they're trading on things that they care about and they can relate to.
And Tark is always saying that it's better than regular financial markets. He says on Calchee, your average individual trader is on a more even playing field with all the season professionals. And like the hedge funds and all these guys have all the information and, you know, there's no way to really beat the market in those places. But people have opinions about politics, they have a opinion about culture, they follow and track the economy, they follow and track sports.
And this is not going to mean for them to express those opinions. The idea that prediction markets are basically democratizing the world of trading is a talking point Tark has honed over the years. Because from the start, he had to convince the federal government that betting on all sorts of crazy stuff on Calchee was not gambling, but something else. Technically, swaps.
But Tark often compares it to futures trading because, well, people are betting on future events. Right. Oil futures have a ton in common with betting on the Rotten Tomatoes score for the Devil or Sbrotto too. That's currently at 87%.
Interesting. Which really helped me understand Tark's argument was to go back in time and look at all the ways Tark has made his case that Calchee should exist. It started way back when he was an intern at Goldman Sachs around 2016, when he said he kept hearing about customers who wanted to bet on big world events. They were all trying to figure out what was going to happen to simple questions about the future.
It was basically, well, the Brexit happened or not, and will Trump win the election or not? The answers to those kinds of questions like, will Brexit happen matter to them because they affect the market and the price of assets. And investors wanted to be able to bet on which way things would go. So Tark thought.
Okay. We have a market to price companies. We have a market to price commodities, like physical things that you can touch that are important to the economy. Currency interest rates like that.
And what if we built one to price simple questions about the future? Okay. Well, what is the simplest way of creating that is like, let's just make it a yes or no questions where you can buy a yes if you think it's going to happen and know if you think it's not? Right.
So, you know, Tark in his past life was, you know, a buttoned up Wall Street type, not exactly Gordon Gecko, but you know what I'm talking about. And so he really wants to make betting markets the next thing in the long line of futures, starting with grain futures, the very first futures to be traded almost two centuries ago, which by the way, people also thought was gambling at first. So Tark goes to the regulator of the futures market, the commodity futures trading commission, the CFTC, to ask permission to be able to run an exchange, a marketplace. The whole idea of futures for farmers, for instance, is to avoid beast or famine cycles, to smooth it out so you can buy futures to lock in future prices in case there's like a drought that knocks out all your crops.
It's a way of hedging against something that might threaten your business, like an insurance policy on your crop. And also when they're doing what they're supposed to do, futures help everyone figure out how much things should cost. Or if you ask Tark, they can help predict the future more accurately, like they could be a tip sheet about what's going to happen. Instead of people guessing whether Raski was going to happen or not, now you have a more objective source of, like more objective, unbiased source of signal on whether Raski was going to happen or not.
And more noise. But Tark is trying to turn his idea into a marketplace and in order to get designated as just another futures or swaps market in the long line of them, this is FTC says Calchi has to check a bunch of boxes. Like the market cannot be easily rigged. No insider trading.
Insider trading bad. Calchi submits lots of paperwork about this. And in November 2020, at the very end of President Trump's first term, Calchi gets a call from the CFTC informing them that they have one regulators over. In Calchi's press release, they wrote that it was quote, the next natural step in the evolution of trading on future events.
But that was just a first step. Once Calchi was allowed to exist as a marketplace, the company also needed to get approval for every new market it wanted to list. Meaning if Calchi wanted to put up a market for people to bet on how much rain will fall in Chicago next week, they had to get permission. And this was just as President Trump was ending his first term and the much more skeptical Biden administration was taking over.
So during these first few years, Calchi was hearing a lot of this one word. No, because the CFTC have rules any market on its exchange had to be insider trading proof and it had to have what they called public interest value. Like the way a market on oil futures or employment data or inflation might inform how corporations make decisions over travel or hiring or firing. And also the law strictly prohibited any markets to do with terrorism, assassination, war and gaming.
And the last one, gaming, that one ended up being important for Calchi. Because at first that was a real issue for Tarek. Like back then, this gaming restriction meant that he couldn't list sports. And also lots of other events that seemed to the CFTC to be like games.
And this was frustrating to Calchi's traders. So Tarek decided to find it. In 2023, Tarek proposed Calchi's first election market, a market for betting on what party would take control of Congress. Regulators blocked it, as expected.
This election betting is gaming, it's not allowed. And then it would open up elections to interference among other things. But this time, Tarek sued. His lawyers argued there's no rule specifically against betting on elections.
And this market would do what futures do best. You know, hedge against harmful outcomes and provide more predictive data. In their court papers, Calchi referenced a whole academic experiment in the 1980s, where economists at the University of Iowa accepted bets on the 1988 presidential race. And it was more accurate than polls at the time.
The wisdom of the crowds prevailed. And Calchi's lawsuit prevailed too. The courts did weigh in, you know, and they revealed their legal position that these markets are legal. They are allowed.
And that was a rocket booster for you guys. When you guys sued your regulator and won. Yes, that was huge for you guys. That really opened the flood gates.
Yes, it opened the flood gates. It majorly boosted the rocket. All of that. And here's the thing, once Calchi got permission to list election markets, they interpreted that approval to mean they could list all kinds of markets, not just who will win a political race, but sports, the Golden Globes, will Ariana Grande's streams be up on Spotify next week.
And it isn't just that ruling that opens the flood gates. It's the huge political shift that comes next. Because the Trump family actually joins in on the love fest. Donald Trump Jr.
becomes an advisor to Calchi. The CFTC's default setting changes. They go from default rejecting to default accepting, no matter how outlandish the market is. So that's basically where we are now.
This is the reality that Bobby has sorted out during all these months on Discord chats and on calls. The CEO is following all the court battles. Prediction markets are ascendant. Calchi is out there trying to pull in as many people into prediction markets as it can, recruiting on college campuses, advertising all over subways.
But I mean, every time I log on to work, I see my inbox absolutely full with lawmakers, really incense. Many people are trying to tear all of this down. That's after the break. Over the last month, Tark's team of PR handlers has been pushing him into the spotlight.
He's making the rounds as the public face of Calchi and all these prediction markets. And he's essentially saying, yeah, yeah, there's this big legal debate happening, but listen to me for a second. These prediction markets are actually really important to society. Like Tark keeps saying, at a time when no one seems to trust anything, these markets can be an accurate crystal ball, a truth machine.
And he says, they are better than polls. betting, having skin in the game makes the wisdom of the crowd even wiser. And he says, prediction markets even make people better, more engaged citizens, like the opposite of social media. If somebody has, it's very careful about their belief, they will make more money and do better on prediction markets than someone who has bad takes and extreme beliefs, right?
Whereas that's not true for social media. Like in social media, someone who has a very nuanced smart take gets five likes. Someone who says something crazy on social media or races will get 300,000 likes. I know all of my most brilliant tweets get no likes.
So like I totally worry. So that's what prediction markets. Oh, trust me, he is. Yeah, it's offered to say good journalists, I swear.
I actually think prediction markets are forceful good because the incentive structure for prediction markets is rewarding. The nuanced, the unbiased, the well calibrated takes. In my little mention market betting experiment with Bobby, though, that is not what we found. Like, were we more engaged citizens when we were listening to that speech on Iran?
The Korean world lasted for three years, one month. Duration, of course, did not have that in my bingo card. Oh, this is the bingo card. And essentially, this feels pretty gross, Bobby, I will say.
You stop absorbing the content and you're just literally just like hearing the words as like, as like, as like a chair in the slot machine. Are you going to line up for a chair or you get the jackpot? And he's over here talking about obliterating and decapitating an entire country, which is full of people. Three of the United States.
Yeah, every American can look forward to a day when we are finally free from the wickedness. Now, how we feel about all this is immaterial has nothing to do with whether or not Calche is legal. And after months of Bobby talking to all these people involved in Calche, not involved in Calche, watching it, worrying about it, he has basically concluded that Calche is working this legal loophole of being governed by iterative law instead of gambling law. Like this is gambling.
It's just buttoned up in a suit. Having covered tax startups for years now, this whole like we're not this where that argument is something you hear over and over Airbnb is in a hotel. It's a people to people marketplace. Uber is not a taxi, but a transportation network company.
Now Calche is saying we're not gambling. Where are this other thing? I think that they followed the playbook of many in the tech industry. That's a man, a Fisher former chief of staff at the SEC.
I would say crypto paid for this, which is that they just right. Sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry. Sorry, my dog's working. Sorry.
And this is Bobby's dog, can he? Who's a good dog? I first came across Amanda dragging the prediction market bros on the app formerly known as Twitter. She's now at a very pro regulation advocacy group called Better Markets.
Amanda says Calche's path of success has taken a page from another financial sector that bombed and weaved its way through complicated legal obstacles. They use the playbook that the crypto industry I think started and perfected during the Biden administration, which is framing their disruption of industries as a technological disruption. When I would characterize it more as just a legal disruption, they are willing to take more legal risk and break the laws and essentially take the approach of catch me if you can. But Amanda's take is that prediction markets are not doing the things future markets are supposed to do, which is to facilitate corporations in the real economy fostering price discovery and creating jobs and creating stable markets and not for just gambling and speculation.
Amanda says the fact that these prediction markets are getting rubber stamped by the federal government as basically future trading. That's giving sports gambling apps ideas. Some of the sports gambling apps are themselves launching their own prediction markets, trying to get approval as futures marketplaces. Their execs are publicly admitting it's a way to get sports betting into states where it is not legal.
So Amanda posted this week, at least they're being honest. One of the things Amanda's other warning people about all the time is how understaffed and uninterested the current CFTC is when it comes to monitoring whether these apps are following any of the official rules, like insider trading. In the stock market, which is regulated by the SEC where Amanda used to work, she says it's pretty easy to get caught using insider access to WINDIC. The SEC has like eight times the staff of the CFTC.
I would highly advise people do not insider trade in the stock market. There are a lot of surveillance tools and cops on the beat, at least during an administration that is predisposed to enforcing the law. I do not have similar confidence in prediction markets because prediction markets are partly responsible for policing their own services. There is a self-policing mechanism that was written into the rules back when futures markets were all focused on grains and soybean prices and such.
It is fascinating to me the degree to which the CFTC sort of outsources regulation to self-regulation. Right? What's up with that? That's absolutely right.
So in the past markets were pretty simple. It wasn't every day that a financial intermediary would try to list a new type of grain future or soybean contracts. They didn't envision markets on whether the Supreme Leader of Iran would be outstanding. Exactly.
They were basic markets in pretty boring commodities. So when Congress and the agency set up this market, that self-policing structure maybe made sense. Now, Amanda says, you have predation markets like Cal Shie applying the same self-certification tool to all kinds of markets that it was not intended for. They're also supposed to be policing their own traders to make sure that they're not manipulating markets.
But Amanda says she's not seeing any serious enforcement. What she hears instead is executives at these prediction markets talking about enforcement when big, fishy looking wins make the news. So the capture of Maduro in Venezuela or the Iran strikes or any other policy announcement related to tariffs. People have been making suspiciously well timed bets on these kinds of events, but they are very hard to pin down as insider trading.
Yeah, they really are. I mean, just this week I was reporting on these French sluts who figured out that there was probably an insider trader on the supermarket who made a ton of money on President Biden's pardons in like the final hours he was in office. But it took them weeks to untangle all of this and we still don't know exactly who was behind the bets. Now Bobby was a philosophy major in college and he says he hasn't read Simone Dubuois or content a long time.
But during these whirlwind months reporting on prediction markets, he has found himself falling into a big existential wondering about these prediction markets. We stroke my chin. I've been wondering how much are these bets on future events changing the future? When parties acting in their self-interest maximize their own gain over that of the public, in philosophy and economics, this is known as sinister interest.
It's attributed to philosopher Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s. And you can already see this happening. Yeah, I saw what some might call sinister interest in the real world recently. I was watching a mention market where people were betting on what words a federal reserve official was going to say in a meeting about the crypto industry.
It was on Zoom. And when the officials were taking questions from that Zoom, I saw Calshey traders submitting questions as if they were just regular humans, trying really hard to get the official to say something they were betting on. And it can get way more ick, perhaps the most stark example. Creation market betters threatened a journalist over his reporting on the Iran war saying that they would kill him if he didn't change what he'd written about a military strike.
Now, Tarkas told me he's aware of the dangers and there are markets he would never list. Yes, I mean, there are limits, right? Like I always say they can do the extreme things. But like any markets that can create a perverse incentive, we avoid.
What's a perverse incentive you might be wondering? Well, maybe a bet on California wildfires. Like how far will this fire spread that could encourage someone to set a fire? But the problem is in practice, the British market companies themselves are the ones deciding what markets may have perverse incentives.
And polymarket, they did have markets on the LA fires last year. So I've actually gone back and talked to all those big-time prediction market sharps in the Discord chats to ask them if they were worried about all the potential reality-wirping and insider betting on almost any future event. And some of them are like, we're not that worried about it. But others are like, I don't really see how Cauchy's claim that this is a net plus for humanity really checks out at all.
They try to say like, oh, you know, it's really important to have these numbers from prediction markets to accurately gauge things. This is Evan Senet who told Bobby he's been making close to $100,000 a month on Cauchy. So you might think he would be pretty game, but. You know, does the general public really need something that's like 1% more accurate on like the, I don't know, like whether or not someone's going to score over certain points in the football game?
Like what value does that actually add? I would say like none. Like literally none. I talked with one trader yesterday who said, you know, basically like they have so much on the line financially in terms of prediction markets sticking around that whatever party whatever candidate wants to let them thrive, they're going to back.
Is that like your number one thing or is it a top thing or? No, so I like, okay, maybe this is like bad for me to admit or whatever. But like, I don't think prediction markets are like a good thing socially. I think that there is like an actual like, pretty real dark side to our action markets.
These markets are only profitable for people like me because there are people just throwing away money. I think that's probably pretty bad to be honest. Evans bad vibes though, or not stopping this industry? It seems like every day there's a new lawsuit or court ruling over the future of Cauchy.
Nevada has recently banned Cauchy. In New Jersey, meanwhile, a court struck down a ban. It'll all probably end up before the Supreme Court one day. But in the meantime, the rocket ship that is the prediction market industry, keep soaring this past year alone.
70 new prediction market companies have started. And the industry is projected to be a trillion dollar industry in the next four years. Love you. Should we make a bet on it?
Hey, Mary. Mary Childs. Yeah. Please want to play something for you.
Hi, Mary. It's Dileep Singh. Currently Vice Chair at PJM former Deputy National Security Advisor International Economics under the Biden Administration, former head of the markets group at the Fed, blah, blah, blah. Well, I'm calling because I heard you're leaving planet money.
I hope I'm very early. Too bad because it was just about to cave to that interview you've been chasing me on. It literally happened sounding as guy. Well, onwards and upwards for you.
Congratulations and please don't forget about the rest of us. This is the meanest thing. Congrats, Mary. We all love you.
Thank you. It's true. I am leaving Clinton for a new project, details to come. Joke's on to leave though because I'm absolutely going to be following up.
This episode of Planet Money was produced by C. I'm your host, Casler. It was edited by Mary McEwen, fact-checked by Ciara Waddes, and I'm your host, Alex Lomark, his art second producer. Special thanks to all the calcium traders, I have been hounding for months.
Speaking of hounds, thank you to Cami Lomark. Good job. I'm Bobby Allen. And I'm Mary Childs.
This is NPR. Thanks for listening.