Financing War in the Grey Zone

This episode explores how conflict financing and hybrid threats expose gaps in the global anti-financial crime framework. Wars and hostile state activities are not sustained by weapons alone. They depend on money, commercial networks, natural resources, corruption and access to the international financial system. In this episode of the Suspicious Transaction Report, Kinga is joined by Justyna Gudzowska, Executive Director of The Sentry and a RUSI Associate Fellow, and Olivia Allison, also a RUSI Associate Fellow and a specialist in illicit finance, corruption and Russian-linked networks. Both guests have contributed to the CFS special issue of the RUSI Journal, 'Illicit Finance in a Fragmenting World'. Their conversation examines why conflict and hybrid-threat financing both often fall between established categories of money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing. They discuss how armed groups generate, move and spend money; how gold, natural resources and regional financial centres can sustain war economies; and how small payments, criminal networks and social media monetisation can support sabotage, recruitment and other forms of hostile state activity. The episode also considers what the Financial Action Task Force, governments, financial intelligence units and banks should do differently; from developing conflict-financing typologies and recognising regional laundering hubs, to adopting more agile, network-based approaches to sanctions, screening and risk detection. Further reading The FATF Needs to Tackle How War is Financed | Royal United Services Institute Combatting the Illicit Financing of Hybrid Threats | Royal United Services Institute Responding to Russian Sabotage Financing | Royal United Services Institute