For the disabled, public art spaces remain largely out of reach amid accessibility limitations

Korean arts institutions struggle with accessibility despite legal requirements. Many disabled visitors face barriers due to lack of effective programming, insufficient staff and inadequate understanding of diverse needs, raising questions about inclusivity. A few years ago, Chung Young-seok — a wheelchair user who lectures and researches arts management — went to Museum SAN in Wonju with a friend, the very place where another wheelchair user was denied entrance in April this year. They tried to enter the James Turrell hall, which houses one of only a handful of Turrell installations in the world. There was an elevator, but just as he was about to hop in, a staff member came over and told them they couldn't ride it, without explaining why. "I could understand if there were no facilities for the disabled at all," Chung said. "But to be told I couldn't use a facility that was already there — that felt like an entirely different problem. It made me realize this isn't about whether facilities exist. It's about how access is operated and how it's understood." Museum SAN is, by Gangwon's official designation, a barrier-free tourist site — wheelchair rentals included. The episode, which Chung recounted after last month's incident that ignited a brief flurry of public attention, points to a broader conversation on accessibility that Korean arts institutions have not quite caught up to. The question is no longer whether ramps and elevators exist. They mostly do. The question is whether the access they imply actually works. Law is there, but programs, less so Korea has legally mandated accessibility at public buildings since 1998, when the Convenience Promotion Act was enacted, requiring public facilities to install ramps, accessible restrooms, tactile paving and similar fixtures. A barrier-free certification system, introduced in 2008, then layered a voluntary grading system on top of the act, evaluating buildings against more demanding criteria for everything from circulation paths to signage. The Korea Disability Arts & Culture Center (KDAC) also administers a grant program that funds accessibility content and operations at public exhibition and performance spaces, with awards ranging from 50 million ($34,500) to 80 million won per institution for up to three years. This grant program has also expanded in the number of recipients, with six institutions receiving 500 million won in 2024 and 22 institutions receiving a total of 1.6 billion won this year. The issue is that physical and programmatic accessibility move on separate tracks — one supported by the state, the other left to whatever budget an institution can find. To get a sense of how this plays out, the Korea JoongAng Daily asked the country's 20 largest art museums by visitor count to share their accessibility programming over the past five years, as well as their staffing levels. Of the 20 surveyed, 13 museums responded, and among them, only six could point to more than one exhibition over the past five years that was designated barrier-free from the start. The rest reported accessibility measures bolted onto otherwise standard programming — a sign-language caption here, a tactile catalog there, a braille leaflet at the gate. The National Museum of Korea, Busan Museum of Art and Daelim Museum were among those that did not give responses. The point isn't to rank. The point is that institutions cannot agree on what counts as an accessibility program in the first place. Even accounting for differences in terminology and reporting methods, most institutions appeared to rely on exhibition-specific or auxiliary accessibility measures rather than long-term operational structures. A 2024 survey by the Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture found that 64.5 percent of disabled residents in the city had not visited a cultural venue in the past year, against 23.9 percent of the general public — a gap that doesn't show up in any single museum's program count, but is the backdrop aga...