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This episode is the second part of a two-part episode about Sir John Franklin's lost expedition. To make sure you get the full story, we recommend you start with part one, but there is a short summary at the beginning of this second part of the episode. The MCP will be taking a break at the beginning of January, but we'll be back after that with more more more bikiriyasi. This is our last regular episode of 2019.
We'll be posting a holiday horror story reading on December 24 for the entire KPP community to celebrate the end of the year and and asking anything episode on Patreon during the first part of January. So if you'd like to hear the AMA episode, you can join Patreon at $1 level for January. We can't wait to see you all again in 2020 and now with all the announcements done on with the episode. Humans are fascinated by gore and violence, but even more so, the mysterious and unsolved.
Interest in these disturbing and unpleasant subjects is called Mordet curiosity and it has good hundreds of people throughout the ages. I own one of those people. My name is Halley and this is the Mordet curiosity podcast. In part one, we talked about Britain's search for the Northwest Passage, a then theoretical sea route to Asia that traverses from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Canadian Arctic archipelago, finding a route through the maze of islands and ice was dangerous involving issues like freezing temperatures getting stuck in floating pack ice dealing with malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies and limited food supply.
Many people had tried before Sir John Franklin set out in 1845 for what he hoped would be the expedition that finally mapped and successfully traversed the Northwest Passage. For his expedition, Franklin took two ships, the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror, both reinforced bomb ships fitted with seen heat systems and loaded with tinned food, lemon juice to stay off-scurvy of vitamin C deficiency that causes weakness and lethargy in its early stages and bleeding, running gums, internal hemorrhaging, and death in its later stages, signs of equipment and 129 men in willing coats and gloves. The ships were last spotted headed west through Lancaster Sound, the most eastern entrance to the Northwest Passage on July 12, 1845. I'll be posting several maps after this episode was live so that you can see Franklin's route and where all the artifacts and points to mention were found.
When the expeditions didn't return in the estimated three years, other Arctic explorers were sent to find them and none were successful. In fact, John Clark Ross's expedition was nearly lost itself in 1849, both due to the cold and a mysterious illness that broke out amongst his crew with symptoms that included sluggishness, anxiety, and melancholy. After John Clark Ross's expedition failed, a 20,000 pound reward, about 2.6 million pounds in today's currency, was offered by the British government to anyone who could find or assist Franklin's expedition in 1850. In total, the British Admiralty sent eight ships back to the Arctic in search for Franklin, so I'm going east from the Bering Strait and some west from Baffin Bay.
Lady Jane Franklin, Sir John's wife, went to Baffin Bay herself to look for him and asked the United States Government raid, they sent two ships and the Hudson Bay Company, a Virgin Group out of Canada, sent John Ray and Arctic Survival Expert. It was John Ray who found two small pieces of wood on the southern shore of Victoria Island, a place where no trees grow, but he had no way to prove that they might have come from the terror or air of his. He would have continued his search by crossing over to King William Island, but floating pack ice blocked his path. In August of 1850, Captain Eresnes, Omani found fragments of preserved meatins, ragged clothing, and British naval stores at Cape Riley on the southwest coast of Devon Island.
These indicated that Franklin had made a short stop on shore, but when Omani continued to search, he came upon a care in on B.G Island. The crew of his rescue team quickly made their way to it and took it apart, searching for evidence of Franklin, but none was found. More ships soon convened on that area and more traces of Franklin's expedition were found at Cape Stensar also on Devon Island, a hut filled with stones, a scrap of paper that bore the words until called, more food tins and a pair of torn gloves. On the 27th of August, Captain William Penny, a Scottish waler and Arctic explorer in command of the ship Lady Franklin, discovered three graves on B.G Island, facing Cape Riley.
The graves lay side by side, two neatly carved with inscriptions that told who lay beneath the frozen ground. One was William Rain of the HMS Airvis, who died on April 3, 1846. The other was John Hartnell, also with the Airvis, who died January 4, 1846. The third grave marker was not as carefully done and was the earliest of the three deaths on January 1st, 1846.
It belonged to John Torrington of the HMS Terror. Although deaths were expected on such an expedition, three in one winter was a bat sign. Captain Penny believed the site must have been where Franklin's crew had stayed over their first winter in 1846. Penny's party kept searching the island and found traces of tents, a forge, a sore house, and other small structures.
There was even what appeared to be a small garden, with an embeies still growing inside it. Another cannon was discovered soon after, made over 600 empty food tins stacked, 7 feet high, or 2.1 meters. However, there was no message found inside it, which was unusual, as Karens were usually placed to share information with other explorers. So far, Franklin's trail went from Bath & Bay where he was last seen to B.G Island and then was lost.
The search parties were perplexed. They had found something and yet nothing at all. No indication of where Franklin's expedition had gone, what had happened or how they had come to be there. The three deaths of Franklin's crew were initially blamed on inferior quality at 10 food.
Captain Omani suggested it had spoiled and that the supplier, Goldner, had provided badly sealed tins for other expeditions that had beautified quickly and caused botulism. A fatal illness caused by a toxin that's produced by bacteria which grows in improperly canned food. This sparked inquiry into Goldner, but the audit found that the tins food provided for previous expeditions had been fine. Medical professionals at the time had theorized that scurvy had likely caused to the deaths, or perhaps an unlucky number of accidents.
Omani's expedition did not examine the bodies to examine them. In August of 1852, more ships set out for B.G Island. However, the searchers from 1850 had moved and turned over the site so much that it was hard to discover anything more. Despite the media attention surrounding Franklin's disappearance and the dangers of the Arctic, the search sparked another era of Arctic exploration.
Over 30 water and overland expeditions sought evidence of Franklin's lost expedition over the next 20 years and resulted in charting much of the Canadian Arctic Arpeleco and mapping the full route of the Northwest Passage. However, the passage wasn't successfully navigated by sea until 1906. Sailors readily volunteered for these search missions, but many of the expeditions were cut short due to illness support the ships, running out of supplies and the dangers of becoming trapped in pack ice. Captain George Henry Richards reported General DeBilly, or weakness among his crew, and Sir Edward Belcher, had to abandon four of his five vessels to escape the Arctic after two years stuck in the ice.
Mental illness was also an issue. Captain Richard Collins ended up placing many of his officers under arrest saying survey had affected their minds. Captain Robert McClure reported that after becoming trapped in the ice several his men went mad. His ships had carried line juice and collected greens to save off scurvy for the first two winters they had spent in the Arctic.
But during the third they ran out. This was the beginning of the realization that the 10 food it did not prevent scurvy as previously thought. Two American expeditions suffered extensively from disease during their search. In 1850 an expedition funded by Henry Grinnell went out in May.
The conditions on the ships, the advance and the rescue were cramped, damp and cold and illness quickly became widespread. The symptoms again included melancholy and a new symptom, a craving for animal fat. The men reported that the dreams had pale skin, pain and old wounds and stiff limbs. When they were able to hunt seals and walvers in short summers, the illness cleared up quickly, which is evidence that it was indeed a survey.
However, as soon as winter hit again, so did scurvy. Over the two expedition sponsored by Grinnell, there was a mutiny. Rats were eaten as a last resort and many men had died. In the spring of 1855, thanks to the return of game and aid given by the Inuit people, the expedition was able to abandon what was left of the advance as they had used much of its wood for firewood and had south.
They were picked up by a Danish ship after 84 days. In January of 1854, Franklin's expedition had been missing for nine years. The members of the expedition were officially declared dead on March 31st. People were still interested in searching for them, however.
In October of 1854, John Ray announced the first major discovery in the case. He had spoken to the Inuit people of the area around the Boothia Peninsula, which is quite far south of B.G Island. A man named Enuk Poujiejuk reported that a party of white men had starved to death after their ship was crushed against the ice. The white men had dragged us like this down the western coast of King William Island after abandoning the ships.
The Inuit people also said that it appeared the men had been eating each other for sustenance. They also described books, tinned food, and other items known to have been carried with Franklin's expedition. John Ray himself came across the corpse that he described as mutilated by what could only have been cannibalism. However, because John Ray's information came second hand and from a non-white source, it was judged as inconclusive.
The British public refused to believe that Franklin's men would resort to cannibalism even for survival. But the artifacts that Inuit people gave him were clear evidence that the expedition had perished. One more attempt was made before the search was abandoned. The British Admiralty sensed James Anderson, who discovered a piece of wood with the name terror, branded on it on Montreal Island, which is southeast of King William Island.
He also found several food tins, nothing more. Now distracted by the Crimean War, the British government turned its attention away from the search. Lady Franklin, however, continued to rally support for a final in-depth search. She knew she wouldn't find her husband alive, but she wanted to resort his good name as the British press had begun insinuating that his failure was due to incompetence.
Even though she knew he was most likely dead, she had to know his fate. She became an expert on Arctic geography by searching all the maps that had resulted from various searches. Eventually, with her own money and help from the public, she founded a search in 1857 commanded by Captain Francis Leopold McClintock, a Royal Navy officer on the ship, the Fox. The Fox set sail on July 1st 1857.
It was trapped in the ice of Baffin Bay, the first winter. By August 1858, the Fox had reached B.G. Island, McClintock erected a monument at the site of Franklin's first winter quarters. The Fox then spent a second winter at the eastern opening of the Belitt Strait, just west of Baffin Island.
From that base, they sent overnight expeditions to King William Island in April 1859. McClintock spoke to two families of intimate people who showed him artifacts on Franklin's expedition. They told him that the air of this and terror had been seen, but that one of the ships had sunk in deep water and the other forces to shore. They also said the white men from the ships had gone toward the Great River, and when the intimate people went there the next winter, they found only bones.
McClintock and his second in command, Lieutenant W.R. Hobson, searched at the southern and western coast of King William Island. What they discovered was confirmation that Franklin and his expedition had met a very grim end indeed. But before we get to that, let's pause for a word for more sponsors.
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You'll have my eternal gratitude. And now back to the podcast. On the 5th of May, 1859, a Karen was discovered at Victory Point. Inside, a metal canister was found containing a scrap of naval record paper.
On the margins of the form, two short messages were scrawled. One was written by the tenant Graham Gore and gave the progress of the Franklin expedition up until May 1847, stating that they had been entered in the ice near BGI land in 1947-48, ascended the Wellington Channel and returned along the west side of Cornwallis Island. All was well. He also wrote that a party of two officers and six men had left the ships on the 24th of May.
The year recorded by Gore for wintering at BGI land however was wrong, as it had been 1845 that they had done so. But the note reported that all was well, at least up until it was written. It appeared that this first message had been written and then put in a metal canister and then stored in the Karen. Eleven months later, it had been retrieved and the second note was written by Captain James' James Sir John Franklin's first officer aboard the HMS Airvis.
This second note told exactly what had been fallen the expedition. The terror and the airvis had been abandoned on April 22nd 1847 after being trapped in the ice near the northwest coast of King William Island since September 12th. 105 of the crew were left and under the command of Commander Crozier Franklin's second command, Sir John Franklin had died on June 11th of 1847. The remaining members of the expedition planned to head for back space river south of Montreal Island on the mainland.
It seemed the expedition had taken a turn for the worst over that 11-month period. The ship should have been able to break free of the ice in a short summer in 1847, but they hadn't been able to. They remained stuck for a second winter just off King William Island. 24 crew members including Franklin had died.
The rest deserted the ships and set up camp on the northwest coast of the island hoping to journey south to the back river and then likely on to fort resolution a Hudson Bay Company outpost around 1,250 miles or 2,210 kilometers away. The care in where the note was found was surrounded by clothing and items like boats, pickaxes, shovels, and cookie-soves which appear to have been dropped in an effort to take only the necessities with them for their trek south. McLean talk wondered why they had brought many of the items in the first place. The futility of their plight was now laid bare.
They must have known that there was no way a group of already exhausted and diseased little people could make it that far over land in the Arctic. Around 80 miles into the trek south down the western coast of King William Island, McLean talk found what appeared to be of the El Paso. Hobbs and found a lifeboat containing two skeletons, one having been torn up by animals, but both holding guns as if they planned to defend themselves from something. McLean talk named the area of Cape Crozier and wondered why the crew had wasted their limited energy dragging off a liquid boat weighing around 1400 pounds or 635 kilograms along with them.
The boat was also pointing back toward the abandoned ships, not toward their state of destination. This location, which McLean talk called the boat place, was not recorded, and modern researchers have been trying to locate it ever since. More on that later. On May 24, 1859, McLean talk and his search party discovered a human skeleton on a ridge of the southern shore of King William Island.
It wore a snooard uniform known to have been worn on Franklin's expedition. It appeared the man had fallen as he walked. Nearby they found a notebook with the name Harry Piggler inside, a member of the terror crew. Half of the notes were written by Piggler, and the other half were written by a different unknown person.
The unknown writer wrote about the disaster that befell of the expedition. However, the notes were very strange. The words were spelled backwards and ended in cattle letters. Once translated, they described graves being dug, and mentioned dates that could refer to the night the crew abandoned the ships.
There was also a drawing on eye with the words laid bay written under it, and a page where the words had been written in a circle, and at the center was written, the terror camp, clear. McLean talk and Hobbs and discoveries were thought of as admirable back in England, and brought Lady Franklin the knowledge she sought. Franklin's reputation was redeemed. He had died performing his duty and in pursuit of the North West Passage.
Despite obtaining the knowledge of what happened, people continued to search for more information, more artifacts, and more human remains, from the Franklin expedition. In 1859, Charles Francis Hall and American from Ohio set out to discover, if perhaps some of the members of the expedition might have survived, by living amongst the Inuit people of the area. After finding nothing, he went back in 1864 and 1869. He spoke to many Inuit people, and recorded their knowledge of the expedition.
Again, the cannibalism was mentioned, and that the Inuit people had tried to assist the starving men, but that the winter was so difficult that it was too risky to help the men without in danger themselves. The Inuit people also reported that Franklin's crew was seen very sick. In 1849, a group of Inuit people had found one of the ships still snuck in the ice. They had taken what supplies were available, and noted a very large frozen body of a man inside a locked room.
They said he had a blackened mouth, which could indicate like hums a characteristic sign of scurvy. They left him where he sat and said the ship sank not long after that. In June 1878, another American, Lieutenant Frederick Schuaca, led a small expedition to King William Island that followed the retreat route of Franklin's crew by sludge. He located the boat place, mentioned by McLean talk, and found it heavily looted, but many non-food items still remain, including the bones of four men.
He added around the boat, please remember that there was little in the way of food or hunting in this area of the world. The living people in the area had to take what they could to survive, or they would starve. Schuaca also found a disturbed grave, likely belonging to John Irving, as a metal with his name on it was found there. Because of the presence of an actual coffin or burial shroud, it's thought that this grave had been dug while the crew would still live to board the ships.
However, as the grave had been disturbed, Schuaca gathered the bones as he had around it and brought them to England for burial. While he was in the Arctic, Schuaca also spoke to the Inuit people and heard more stories of Franklin's men and their ship. They would describe acycli and their mouths blackened. Some of them made it to Simpson's Strait to an area Schuaca named starvation cove when he arrived there.
It was said that they carry with them a box of bones. Schuaca wondered if the bones belonged to Franklin. When he searched the area, he only found the bones of a single person. When he asked, the Inuit people told him that the sea and the land had taken the men.
There have been many discoveries since Schuaca's expedition by many other researchers, far too many to go over even in a two-part podcast. Over 400 artifacts have been recovered and are now on display at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London. If you'd like more information, I recommend reading of Frozen in Time, the fate of the Franklin exhibition by John Geiger and O&B. Dr.
O&B and assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Alberta set out in the 1980s to search for more remnants of the Franklin expedition at King William Island. His survey was meticulous and used more modern forensic techniques. He wanted to find human remains, from which he could glean information about health and diet, determine if it really was a survey that had devastated the men. Find out if they had really resorted to cannibalism, and perhaps I'd identify them.
He returned to the site's previously visited by McGlintock, Hall and Ray, and other 19th century researchers. BD and his team also worked with the Inuit people of the area, recorded their oral histories of the event, and tried to corroborate these stories with his gladadans. Some of the graves located by previous searchers turned out to be Inuit graves, but other sites really did belong to the Franklin exhibition. BD and his team found the bones of a sailor at Booth Point at the most southern tip of King William Island.
The skull was in fragments and scattered near a group of larger stones, possibly the site of tent. The bones from the arms and legs were found more loosely scattered outside the circle of stones. With the help of Dr. James Civell and arctic archaeologists from McGill University, the first physical evidence of cannibalism among Franklin's starving crew was revealed.
The bones were peppered with cut marks from metal inclement and were in locations that suggested dismemberment and deflushing. The heaviest and least portable portions of the body, those of the ribs sternum vertebrate and hips were missing. As I said earlier, when John Ray reported in 1854 that Franklin's men had resorted to cannibalism, many people didn't believe him. These bones were physical evidence that the Inuit people raised spoke to were correct, and the body's described as being mutilated were indeed subjected to cannibalism.
The bones found at the site also showed signs of severe malnutrition, including indications of survey. In 1984, the three graves of Franklin's men discovered previously on BG Island were located by BD and excavated, which was difficult as the ground was completely frozen. Images of the frozen corpses of John Torrington, John Hartnell and William Brain, were soon published in magazines and newspapers all over the world. People were horrified but deeply fascinated.
The men were still recognizable, and it felt as if they were staring straight at those who viewed them, looking out from the distant past. BD and his team performed autopsies on all three men and tested them for disease. William Brain tested positive for tuberculosis, but BD felt that tuberculosis didn't directly contribute to his death. All three men had granny lomas in their lungs, which could have been caused by tuberculosis, pneumonia, or a variety of other lung infections.
BD also found that the men had a very high content of lead in their systems, either ingested due to contamination from the lead seals on the tin food, or from drinking water that passed through the lead pipes on the ships. He proposed that scurvy, botulism from contaminated food, lead poisoning, and respiratory infections all may have contributed to the men's deaths. As with the lead poisoning theory, it has been shown by more recent studies that the lead levels of these three men were not above average for the 19th century. Surveys starvation and illness likely contributed far more than lead poisoning.
In 1992, a new site was discovered on King William Island near Arab Bay, with artifacts such as clay pipes and buttons that linked it to the Franklin exhibition. Around 400 human bones and bone fragments were present representing between 8 and 11 individuals. There were no graves, however, and the bones were mostly fragmentary and scattered over a 300 square meter area concentrated on the western part of the site. The scatter was probably due to many years of animal activity, as well as some human activity.
The bones, which were mostly long bones from the limbs, but also some pellet bones, showed the signs about the right as two-closque, tooth decay, and perial status, which is an infection of the layer of tissue between the bone and muscles, and indicates infection or injury. When the bones were chemically tested, high levels of lead were noted. Cut marks from metal blades were also found on 92 of the bones. All in areas where muscles attach, which supports the claim of cannibalism.
Several bones had also been shattered to get at the marrow. It's not known how soon after death is occurred, but it wasn't very long after death. In 2008, then Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced a government sponsored search for the HMS Airvis and terror. In 2014, the wreck of the HMS Airvis was finally discovered by Park Canada thanks to around 10 years of studying individual histories and scanning the area with modern technology.
Louis Kamukuk and Inuk historian collected the stories of his people and met with archaeologists together to combine their research and were able to locate the wreck, just north of O'Reilly Island, which is just southwest of King William Island. The ship was found in relatively shallow water. It's deck sitting only 36 feet or 11 meters below the surface. It was well preserved except for an area of the stern, which was likely damaged by ice.
If you recall, the story told to haul several Inuit people boarded the airvis soon after it was abandoned and saw a large man at locked in a room aboard. Sadly, nobody has yet to be recovered. Though some believe the body described by The Inuit people was that of Franklin. Others believe he was buried somewhere on shore in a march location, so that his body could be collected later and given a proper burial back in England.
There's an excellent book just on the discovery of the airvis called Franklin's Lost Ship, the historic discovery of the HMS Airvis by John Geiger and Alana Mitchell. If you're interested, it has some amazing pictures in it, which both show the modern technology used to find the ship and help illustrate just what Franklin and his crew were up against in the Arctic. I highly recommend it. In 2016, acting on information from Sammy Kogweek and Inuk Hunter and Canadian Army Serviceman.
A joint expedition including the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Coast Guard and the Arctic Research Foundation discovered the wreck of the HMS Terror. Kogweek had seen a pole sticking up at the water in Terre Bay, which is on the southern coast of King William Island. Research began earlier this year when parts Canada sent several miniature ROVs, or remotely operated vehicles, down into the British water to inspect the ship, inside and out. The ship sits in 69 to 79 feet or 21 to 24 meters of water and it too is very well preserved.
Glass still sits in many of the windows and tins of food have been spotted inside the mess hall. Most of the ship is covered in kelp and other secretures, but it doesn't appear to be damaged in any way. The use of the anchor also suggests the men it may have returned to the ship at some point after abandoning it. This new mystery is sure to unfold as research is published over the next few years and I'm sure most of us will follow the story closely.
Why are we fascinated with Franklin and his lost expedition? I agree with Margaret Atwood who wrote the introduction to be the Ingeiger's book. She states that there is something inconclusive, something upsetting about people that can't be found. There's no answer, no solution, no closure.
Even though we know there is no way frozen or not that Franklin is alive today, we still want to know what happened to him to know more about how he and his crew perished. His disappearance haunts us. The location where they were lost is also mysterious not many people have been there and not many people live there today. It's empty, otherworldly and beautiful, but also extremely deadly.
It's a place that humans have yet to conquer completely. Many have tried and many have never returned. A mysterious disappearance in a mysterious place is bound to embark, archaea yasi. The more bikirya say podcast was produced by H.
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