Guest: David Susko, The Road To The Moon And Then To Mars, Part 2

David Susko, a Martian geologist working for a NASA contractor is our guest. He builds and operates cameras for space missions, including a visible-light camera called MACIE (Mars Color Imager) that photographs the Martian surface at various scales and resolutions.   Key points discussed: The lunar base vision The goal isn't just a brief visit — it's continuous human presence on the Moon, similar to the ISS model. Early stays would be short (weeks/months), gradually extending to years, then indefinitely. The ISS has had people aboard continuously since the late 1990s; the same model is the target for the Moon. Water ice — the most critical resource Water on the Moon's south pole (locked in permanently shadowed craters as ice from ancient comet impacts) is the single most important resource to find and extract. It's needed for drinking, growing food, and — crucially — splitting into hydrogen and oxygen to make rocket fuel. The "rocket equation" problem means every kilogram of water you don't have to launch from Earth saves enormous amounts of fuel. Lunar geology primer The Moon's geology is relatively simple: dark regions (maria) are ancient lava flows billions of years old; bright regions are impact ejecta/highlands. The entire surface has been bombarded by meteorites for 4.5 billion years. The south pole's permanently shadowed craters act as "cold traps" — any water ice that lands there stays frozen indefinitely. The Moon as a "gas station" If water ice can be harvested and split into hydrogen/oxygen propellant on the Moon, it becomes a refueling depot. Rockets could launch from Earth with minimal fuel, refuel in lunar orbit, and push much further into the solar system. This fundamentally changes the economics of deep space exploration. Other lunar resources Beyond water: oxygen and iron for construction, silicon for fiber optics (which actually forms with better crystalline structure in low gravity), and — further out — helium-3, a fusion fuel isotope that doesn't accumulate on Earth's surface (our atmosphere and magnetic field deflect it) but is embedded in the lunar regolith by the solar wind. Mining helium-3 is decades away, but could be transformative for nuclear energy. International and commercial collaboration The Artemis Accords now have ~67 signatory nations. This is a fundamentally different approach from Apollo — a global cooperative framework. Commercial companies (through programs like Commercial Lunar Payload Services) are being incentivized to build and operate lunar landers, rovers, and infrastructure independently. The road to Mars Once a lunar base is established (~2030s), Mars becomes the next target. Key challenges unique to Mars: the distance (millions of miles vs. ~240K for the Moon), longer travel times (~6–9 months each way), more severe radiation exposure, and a much larger gravity well making launch from the surface extremely difficult. Getting off Mars — the hardest problem Returning humans from the Martian surface is the central engineering challenge. One serious proposal: pre-send an unmanned spacecraft that uses the Martian atmosphere (mostly CO₂) to synthesize and stockpile rocket propellant before any humans arrive, so the return vehicle is fully fueled and waiting. One-way trips have been discussed but the guest doesn't favor them. Mars timeline Best-case: humans on Mars in the 2040s, only after the lunar base has proven out long-duration deep-space habitation. The guest stresses we must master living away from Earth before committing to a ~1.5-year round trip with no rescue option.