葫芦娃里的生物｜我们是怎么从蛇聊到胎教的？

到了过年的时候，恰逢蛇年，我们就借着这个机会，从葫芦娃的故事出来，来唠一唠这个经典故事背后藏着什么生命科学故事：穿山甲真的可以把大山挖穿吗？葫芦又是否真的可以有各种各样的能力？为什么人类会这么害怕蛇？而“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”的原理又是什么？奶树怎么看个葫芦娃还会联想到胎教？这期故事也许很杂，但是相信足够好玩有趣，也许能在新年和亲朋好友唠嗑时，成为你突然的谈资呢！时间点：2:58 从穿山甲的故事开始4:19 穿山甲真的可以“穿山”吗？8:59 穿山甲的自我保护机制有哪些？9:57 穿山甲的鳞片和蜥蜴有什么区别？13:05 穿山甲舌头的特点和咀嚼方式20:21 穿山甲如今为什么会是濒危动物？26:10 七个葫芦娃的能力如何解释？29:39 葫芦最早被驯化的重要功能之一——装水31:34 葫芦科里都有哪些知名植物36:21 为什么几千年前美洲新大陆就有葫芦了？39:46 蛇精的故事：我们真的天生就怕蛇吗？49:57 “一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”的神经机制55:38 蛇的武器之一：缠绕59:02 蛇的武器之二：蛇毒的进化64:04 蛇毒血清与新的抗毒策略70:42 蛇的运动方式都有哪些？78:27 葫芦娃里的其他反派：罂粟花与蝎子精79:46 七娃的跳反与现实中的胎教相关图片：穿山甲、犰狳与食蚁兽的特点：穿山甲蜷缩的样子：犰狳蜷缩的样子：涉及BGM：动画《葫芦兄弟》部分片段George Benson - Thunder Walk参考资料：穿山甲相关：Ingram D J, Coad L, Abernethy K A, et al. Assessing Africa‐wide pangolin exploitation by scaling local data[J]. Conservation Letters, 2018, 11(2): e12389.Zhang F, Wu S, Cen P. The past, present and future of the pangolin in Mainland China[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2022, 33: e01995.葫芦相关：Chomicki G, Schaefer H, Renner S S. Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology[J]. New Phytologist, 2020, 226(5): 1240-1255.Kistler L, Montenegro Á, Smith B D, et al. Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(8): 2937-2941.对蛇的恐惧和恐惧泛化：Tierney K J, Connolly M K. A review of the evidence for a biological basis for snake fears in humans[J]. The Psychological Record, 2013, 63: 919-928.Boback S M, McCann K J, Wood K A, et al. Snake constriction rapidly induces circulatory arrest in rats[J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2015, 218(14): 2279-2288.Van Le Q, Isbell L A, Matsumoto J, et al. Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(47): 19000-19005.蛇毒相关：Fry B G. From genome to “venome”: molecular origin and evolution of the snake venom proteome inferred from phylogenetic analysis of toxin sequences and related body proteins[J]. Genome research, 2005, 15(3): 403-420.Tasoulis T, Isbister G K. A review and database of snake venom proteomes[J]. Toxins, 2017, 9(9): 290.Vázquez Torres S, Benard Valle M, Mackessy S P, et al. De novo designed proteins neutralize lethal snake venom toxins[J]. Nature, 2025: 1-7.胎教相关：Partanen E, Kujala T, Näätänen R, et al. Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(37): 15145-15150.Learning in the Womb lozierinstitute.org在小宇宙查看该单集文稿