Kalithogai 104 – Soaring above slander episode artwork

EPISODE · Dec 9, 2024 · 14 MIN

Kalithogai 104 – Soaring above slander

from Sangam Lit

In this episode, we listen to a detailed account of bull taming events, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Kalithogai 104, penned by Chozhan Nalluruthiran. The verse is situated in the ‘Mullai’ or ‘Forest Landscape’ and echoes a lady’s pride in her beloved’s conquest in the arena. மலி திரை ஊர்ந்து தன் மண் கடல் வௌவலின்,மெலிவு இன்றி, மேல் சென்று, மேவார் நாடு இடம்பட,புலியொடு வில் நீக்கி, புகழ் பொறித்த கிளர் கெண்டை,வலியினான் வணக்கிய, வாடாச் சீர்த் தென்னவன்தொல் இசை நட்ட குடியொடு தோன்றியநல் இனத்து ஆயர், ஒருங்கு தொக்கு எல்லாரும் வான் உற ஓங்கிய வயங்கு ஒளிர் பனைக்கொடிப்பால் நிற வண்ணன் போல் பழி தீர்ந்த வெள்ளையும்,பொரு முரண் மேம்பட்ட பொலம் புனை புகழ் நேமித்திரு மறு மார்பன் போல் திறல் சான்ற காரியும்,மிக்கு ஒளிர் தாழ் சடை மேவரும் பிறை நுதல்முக்கண்ணான் உருவே போல் முரண் மிகு குராலும்,மா கடல் கலக்குற மா கொன்ற மடங்காப் போர்வேல் வல்லான் நிறனே போல் வெரு வந்த சேயும், ஆங்கு அப்பொரு வரும் பண்பினவ்வையும், பிறவும்உருவப் பல் கொண்மூக் குழீஇயவை போலபுரிபு புரிபு புகுத்தனர், தொழூஉ அவ் வழி, ‘முள் எயிற்று ஏஎர் இவளைப் பெறும், இது ஓர்வெள் ஏற்று எருத்து அடங்குவான்ஒள்ளிழை வாருறு கூந்தல் துயில் பெறும், வை மருப்பின்காரி கதன் அஞ்சான் கொள்பவன் ஈர் அரிவெரூஉப் பிணை மான் நோக்கின் நல்லாட் பெறூஉம், இக்குரூஉக் கண் கொலை ஏறு கொள்வான். வரிக் குழைவேய் உறழ் மென் தோள் துயில் பெறும், வெந் துப்பின்சேஎய் சினன் அஞ்சான் சார்பவன்’ என்று ஆங்குஅறைவனர், நல்லாரை, ஆயர் முறையினால்நாள்மீன் வாய் சூழ்ந்த மதி போல், மிடைமிசைப்பேணி நிறுத்தார் அணி அவ் வழி, பறை எழுந்து இசைப்ப, பல்லவர் ஆர்ப்ப,குறையா மைந்தர் கோள் எதிர் எடுத்தநறை வலம் செய விடா இறுத்தன ஏறு அவ் ஏற்றின்மேல் நிலை மிகல் இகலின், மிடை கழிபு இழிபு, மேற்சென்று,வேல் நுதி புரை விறல் திறன் நுதி மருப்பின் மாறு அஞ்சான்,பால் நிற வெள்ளை எருத்தத்துப் பாய்ந்தானைநோனாது குத்தும் இளங் காரித் தோற்றம் காண்பால் மதி சேர்ந்த அரவினைக் கோள் விடுக்கும்நீல் நிற வண்ணனும் போன்ம் இரிபு எழுபு அதிர்பு அதிர்பு இகந்து உடன் பலர் நீங்க,வரி பரிபு இறுபு இறுபு குடர் சோரக் குத்தி, தன்கோடு அழியக் கொண்டானை ஆட்டித் திரிபு உழக்கும்வாடா வெகுளி எழில் ஏறு கண்டை, இஃது ஒன்றுவெரு வரு தூமம் எடுப்ப, வெகுண்டுதிரிதரும் கொல் களிறும் போன்ம் தாள் எழு துணி பிணி இசை தவிர்பு இன்றித் தலைச் சென்று,தோள் வலி துணி பிணி, துறந்து இறந்து எய்தி, மெய் சாய்ந்து,கோள் வழுக்கித் தன் முன்னர் வீழ்ந்தான்மேல் செல்லாது,மீளும் புகர் ஏற்றுத் தோற்றம் காண் மண்டு அமருள்வாள் அகப்பட்டானை, ‘ஒவ்வான்’ எனப் பெயரும்மீளி மறவனும் போன்ம் ஆங்க, செறுத்து அறுத்து உழக்கி ஏற்று எதிர் நிற்ப,மறுத்து மறுத்து மைந்தர் சார,தடி குறை இறுபு இறுபு தாயின கிடப்ப,இடி உறழ் இசையின் இயம் எழுந்து ஆர்ப்பபாடு ஏற்றுக் கொள்பவர், பாய்ந்து மேல் ஊர்பவர்,கோடு இடை நுழைபவர், கோள் சாற்றுபவரொடுபுரிபு மேல் சென்ற நூற்றுவர் மடங்க,வரி புனை வல்வில் ஐவர் அட்டபொரு களம் போலும் தொழூஉ தொழுவினுள் கொண்ட ஏறு எல்லாம் புலம் புக, தண்டாச் சீர்,வாங்கு எழில், நல்லாரும் மைந்தரும், மல்லல் ஊர்ஆங்கண் அயர்வர் தழூஉ தோழி அழைத்தல்பாடுகம், வம்மின் பொதுவன் கொலை ஏற்றுக்கோடு குறி செய்த மார்பு தலைவிநெற்றிச் சிவலை நிறை அழித்தான் நீள் மார்பில்,செற்றார் கண் சாய, யான் சாராது அமைகல்லேன்;பெற்றத்தார் கவ்வை எடுப்ப, அது பெரிதுஉற்றீயாள் ஆயர் மகள் தொழீஇஇ! ஒருக்கு நாம் ஆடும் குரவையுள், நம்மைஅருக்கினான் போல் நோக்கி, அல்லல் நோய் செய்தல்,‘குரூஉக் கண் கொலை ஏறு கொண்டேன் யான்’ என்னும்தருக்கு அன்றோ ஆயர் மகன்? தோழிநேரிழாய்! கோள் அரிதாக நிறுத்த கொலை ஏற்றுக்காரி கதன் அஞ்சான் பாய்ந்த பொதுவற்கே,ஆர்வுற்று, எமர் கொடை நேர்ந்தார் அலர் எடுத்தஊராரை உச்சி மிதித்து ஆங்கு,தொல் கதிர்த் திகிரியாற் பரவுதும் ஒல்காஉரும் உறழ் முரசின் தென்னவற்குஒரு மொழி கொள்க, இவ் உலகு உடன்! எனவே. We walk on in the series of long songs about bull taming! The words can be translated as follows: “As the brimming waves of the sea rose and stole away his land, without losing heart, moving north, laying siege to the enemy lands therein, removing the tiger and bow symbols, installing the famous sign of the fish, the Southern King, with ceaseless glory, conquered with his strength. From his ancient and famous heritage, came the good tribe of herders, who have all come together, with one mind now. A flawless, white bull, akin to the Milk-hued One with a sky-high, shining palmyra on his flag; A black bull known for its immense ability, akin to the One, who holds the Lady of Wealth in his chest, and wields famous, well-etched golden discus that has seen success in many a battlefield; A tawny bull, filled with much hostility, akin to the form of the Three-Eyed One, who has radiant, low-hanging tresses and carries atop a crescent moon; A fearless red bull, in the hue of the Speared One, who waged a raging war with the demon, who muddled the dark seas and took the form of a mango tree; And many more that are similar in nature to these bulls stood, as if many different-shaped clouds had assembled together, and these were let into the arena with much cheer. In that place, with drums beating, they declared:’The one who holds on to the neck of the white bull will get the beautiful maiden with thorn-like teeth;The one who captures the black bull, not fearing its fury, will attain sweet sleep in the flowing tresses of the maiden wearing shining jewels;The one who conquers the tawny bull with murderous eyes, will claim the beautiful woman with the gaze of frightened deer in her two eyes;The one who holds on to the red bull, with much strength, not scared about its rage, will attain good sleep on the bamboo-like soft arms of the maiden wearing lined earrings;’ Announcing thus, as per the custom of the herders, akin to the stars that surround the white moon, they made those maiden assemble with care upon the raised platforms. In that field, as drums soared with their beats and many roared aloud, the bulls, not letting the incense spread around, leaped to face the faultless young men’s attack. With enmity brimming towards those bulls, leaving the platform, there comes a man, who fears not the sharp-edged horn, full of strength and ability, akin to a spear, and leaps onto the neck of the milk-hued, white bull. See how the young black bull ceaselessly stabs him, akin to how the Blue-hued One pounced on the Snake that was trying to swallow the Moon. Making many rise and leave with much shock, breaking bones and tearing intestines, pierced the bull and twisted and turned to lose the one, who was holding on, ruining its horns. See the scene of how this bull’s rage ceases not, akin to how a killer male elephant would shake and turn in fear, when sensing the fumes of a medicinal smoke. Rising famously with strength and determination, without avoiding, heading straight, the man who leaped on a bull but then finding that his strong arms had failed him, lets go and his body slants and slips away and makes him fall before the bull. See the scene of how that spotted bull moves away, without trampling him, akin to how a Death-like warrior in the battlefield steps away from a warrior captured by his sword, deciding the other is not his equal. And thus, even as the bulls pierced, severed and tormented, facing them, refusing to give up, the young men assembled. Flesh was torn and lay scattered all about, the drums roared like thunder and sent out their music in that arena, with those who accept this state of torment, those who leap and hold on, those who pounce in between the horns, and those who swore oaths about their conquest. The arena appeared like a battlefield where the Five, skilled in the art of their lined bows, subdued the Hundred, with their power! As the bulls in the arena leave to graze, the beautiful maiden with exquisite and unceasing beauty, relax and embrace their young men in that prosperous town. Confidante’s Call:Come let us sing in praise of the chest of the herder, marked by the horn of the killer bull! Lady:I will not stay away from the chest of the one, who destroyed the red forehead of the bull, even if the eyes of others widen in disapproval. Even if those owners of cattle raise slander, this herder daughter will not mind it at all. O my friend, who tells me everything! In this dance of ‘Kuravai’ that we are going to do, when he looks with such love and causes suffering within, isn’t that son of herders doing that because of his pride that declares, ‘I won over the killer bull with murderous eyes!’? Confidante:O maiden wearing well-etched jewels! Facing the hard-to-capture, murderous black bull, not fearing its fury, pounced a herder man. With love, our kin have decided to offer your hand to him, stepping on the heads of the townsfolk, who raised slander about you! And so, praying to the One, who has the discus spreading with ancient rays, let’s wish that the world entire upholds the word of the Southern King with roaring drums!” Let’s look at the highlights of this song. The verse is situated in the context of bull taming by the man to win the hand of the lady. These words are spoken by the confidante and the lady. In a change from the previous verses, instead of mentioning the flowers of the region, the confidante offers us a history lesson about the Pandya kings and how the seas stole away their land, perhaps referring to ancient Tsunamis, that stole the cities on the coastline, and about how this king did not lose his heart but went on to capture the lands north, belonging to the Chozhas and Cheras, removed their insignia and installing his flag fluttering with the fish symbol. From that ancient heritage, the tribe of herders arose, narrates the confidante, talking about how they have come together in the bull taming arena, now. Following this, the players in the field are introduced. Each bull is identified by its colour and its connection to a God. The way the bulls stand together seemed to the confidante, as if many-shaped clouds had descended there. Then, she narrates how the herders announce about the conquest of each bull and the prize of the maiden that will follow. Without naming names, in Sangam Aham tradition, the maiden are identified with their physical features and the bulls by their colour. After these details, the arena and the events therein are described, with scenes such as a man capturing a white bull and another dark bull attacking him, connecting that to mythological elements. Another scene of a bull shaking off a rider is likened to how an elephant would twist and turn when sensing the fumes of a medicinal smoke. This is followed by a rather striking scene in which a bull pushes a man off its back but seeing him fallen before it, does not trample the man but steps away, and this noble act of the beast is placed in parallel to a warrior, who does not engage with another warrior captured in the battlefield, thinking the other is not his equal. The gory scenes of the arena is brought alive, with a simile connecting it to the battle mentioned in Mahabaratha, between the Kauravas and Pandavas. At the end of all this, the bulls leave to graze and the maiden leave with the men, to relax and dance in the town. At this time, the confidante calls the lady and their friends to sing and dance the ‘Kuravai’, praising the man who won over the bull. The lady just then talks about how people raised slander about her and the young man, but today he has conquered the bull and looks at her with pride and love, declaring that no hostile looks from those people can make her stay away from him. To these furious words of the lady, the confidante renders the assurance that the lady’s kin have agreed to offer the lady’s hand in marriage to that young man, who captured the bull valiantly, and by doing that, they were dismissing the slander of the townsfolk. She concludes by asking the dancers to pray to Thirumaal, the one with the ancient discus, seeking that the word of the Pandya king is celebrated everywhere! Another long account that narrates the relevance of bull taming to that ancient society, offering glimpses of mythological beliefs, historical events and cultural elements!

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