Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 21 - The Perfect Passive System

My links: My patreon: ⁠https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: ⁠https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc⁠ Email: ⁠[email protected]⁠ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92 ________________________________________________________ There are two rules which you should remember here:  (1) the present-tense passive second person singular in third conjugation has a short -ĕ-, producing the ending -ĕris, whereas the future has a long -ē-, producing an -ēris ending; (2) the present passive infinitive in third and third-io conjugations has no -r-. It ends in just -i, as in duci (“to be led”).  Disicupuli, here we reap the rewards of our hard work earlier. Back in Chapter 18, we covered the present passive system of third, third-io and fourth conjugations, so there's no new grammar to learn here.  There's a mandatory long mark in the future second-person singular of the passive system in third conjugation, where the long -ē- in the future form -ēris has a mandatory long mark in order to distinguish it from the present, -ĕris. So for example:  agĕris means “you are driven” as opposed to agēris, ”you will be driven.” But that's virtually the only complexity you'll face here.  And here's one last thing to remember about the passive system in these conjugations: the infinitive in third and third-io conjugations is signaled by an ending of just one letter, -i, producing forms like agi, “to be driven,” or iaci, “to be thrown.”  It's important to distinguish these from a very similar-looking form, the first singular perfect active, so that duxi (“I have led”) needs to be carefully distinguished from duci (“to be led”), grammatically very different forms.  Similarly, agi (“to be driven”) must be carefully distinguished from egi (“I have driven”) and in third-io, iaci (“to be thrown”) versus ieci (“I have thrown”).