Leftist Reading: Russia in Revolution Part 3

Episode 91:This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905Autocracy and OrthodoxyPopular Religion[Part 3 - This Week]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905Agriculture and Peasantry - 00:25[Part 4 - 5?]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6 - 8?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFigures:2) Bringing in the harvest c.1910. - 00:38Footnotes:40) 00:40David Moon, The Russian Peasantry, 1600–1930 (London: Longman, 1999).41) 02:06Richard G. Robbins, Famine in Russia, 1891–1892: The Imperial Government Responds to a Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).42) 02:25R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft (eds), The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 59.43) 02:42Stephan Merl, ‘Socio-economic Differentiation of the Peasantry’, in R. W. Davies (ed.), From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), 52.44) 03:29A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za sto let (Moscow: Gos. Statisticheskoe Izd-vo, 1956), 198–9.45) 03:59Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 59; David L. Ransel, ‘Mothering, Medicine, and Infant Mortality in Russia: Some Comparisons’, Kennan Institute Occasional Papers, 1990, <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/op236_mothering_medicine_ransel_1990.pdf>.46) 04:31Christine D. Worobec, Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 175.47) 05:57P. N. Zyrianov, ‘Pozemel’nye otnosheniia v russkoi krest’ianskoi obshchine vo vtoroi polovine XIX—nachale XX veka’, in D. F. Aiatskov (ed.), Sobstvennost’ na zemliu v Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost’ (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), 154. Some sources put the number of peasant households in European Russia at 9.2 million.48) 06:26Worobec, Family, 25.49) 07:01Moon, Russian Peasantry, 172.50) 07:19Barbara Alpern Engel, Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work and Family in Russia, 1861–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); E. Kingston-Mann and T. Mixter, ‘Introduction’, in Esther Kingston-Mann and Timothy R. Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics in European Russia, 1800–1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 14–15.51) 07:51Naselenie Rossii v XX veke: istoricheskie ocherki, vol. 1: 1900–1939gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000), 57.52) 08:39Worobec, Family, 64; Barbara A. Engel, Women in Russia, 1700–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 90; B. M. Firsov and I. G. Kiseleva (eds), Byt velikorusskikh krest’ian-zemlepashtsev: opisanie materialov Etnograficheskogo biuro Kniazia V. N. Tenisheva: na primere Vladimirskoi gubernii (St Petersburg: Izd-vo Evropeiskogo doma, 1993), 262.53) 09:04Worobec, Family, 177.54) 09:38Mandakina Arora, ‘Boundaries, Transgressions, Limits: Peasant Women and Gender Roles in Tver’ Province, 1861–1914’, PhD Duke University, 1995, 44–50.55) 09:55Naselenie Rossii, 48.56) 10:31Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘Crises and the Condition of the Peasantry in Late Imperial Russia’, in Kingston-Mann and Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russiā.57) 11:14David Moon, ‘Russia’s Rural Economy, 1800–1930’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 1:4 (2000), 679–90.58) 12:50Paul R. Gregory, Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year Plan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Boris Mironov, Blagosostoianie naseleniia i revoliutsii v imperskoi Rossii, XVII—nachalo XX veka (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2010).59) 12:58Boris Mironov and Brian A’Hearn, ‘Russian Living Standards under the Tsars: Anthropometric Evidence from the Volga’, Journal of Economic History, 68:3 (2008), 900–29.60) 13:12J. Y. Simms, ‘The Crisis of Russian Agriculture at the End of the Nineteenth Century: A Different View’, Slavic Review, 36:3 (1977), 377–98; Eberhard Müller, ‘Der Beitrag der Bauern zur Industrialisierung Russlands, 1885–1930’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 27:2 (1979), 199–204.61) 14:07Wheatcroft, ‘Crises and the Condition of the Peasantry’, 138, 141, 151.62) 15:33Judith Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906–1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin’s Project of Rural Transformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 95.63) 15:49Pallot, Land Reform, 97.64) 16:39Yanni Kotsonis, Making Peasants Backward: Agricultural Cooperatives and the Agrarian Question in Russia, 1861–1914 (London: Macmillan, 1999), 57.65) 17:52Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 81. Zhurov suggests that nationally between one-fifth and one-quarter of households were wealthy at the beginning of the twentieth century. Iu. V. Zhurov, ‘Zazhitovchnoe krest’ianstvo Rossii v gody revoliutsii, grazhdanskoi voiny i interventsii (1917–1920 gody)’, in Zazhitochnoe krest’ianstvo Rossii v istoricheskoi retrospektive (zemlevladenie, zemlepol’zovanie, proizvodstvo, mentalitet), XXVII sessiia simpoziuma po agrarnoi istorii Vostochnoi Evropy (Moscow: RAN, 2000), 147–54.66) 18:48Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society, 1910–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972).67) 19:51I. L. Koval’chenko, ‘Stolypinskaia agrarnaia reforma (mify i real’nost)’, Istoriia SSR, 2 (1991), 68–9.68) 20:26L. V. Razumov, Rassloenie krest’ianstva Tsentral’no-Promyshlennogo Raiona v kontse XIX–nachale XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1996).69) 22:31‘Letter from Semyon Martynov, a peasant from Orël, August 1917’, in Mark Steinberg, Voices of Revolution (translations by Marian Schwartz) (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 242.70) 22:52John Channon, ‘The Landowners’, in Robert Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), 120.71) 23:08Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 89 (85).72) 23:49Worobec, Family, 31.73) 24:54Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), 190.74) 25:27Gregory Guroff and S. Frederick Starr, ‘A Note on Urban Literacy in Russia, 1890–1914’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 19:4 (1971), 520–31 (523–4).75) 25:34V. P. Leikina-Svirskaia, Russkaia intelligentsiia v 1900–1917 godakh (Moscow: Mysl’, 1981), 7.76) 25:56Barbara E. Clements, History of Women in Russia: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012), 130.77) 26:12Engel, Women in Russiā, 92; A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klassa Rossii (Moscow, 1958), 595.78) 26:20Patrick L. Alston, Education and the State in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 248.79) 26:29Ben Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools: Officialdom, Village Culture, and Popular Pedagogy, 1861–1914 (Berkeley: University of California, 1986), 90.80) 26:47James C. McClelland, Autocrats and Academics: Education, Culture and Society in Tsarist Russia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 44.81) 27:05Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, 89.82) 27:40E. M. Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve 1917–1927gg. Stanovlenie ‘novogo cheloveka’ (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2003), 42; Scott J. Seregny, ‘Teachers, Politics and the Peasant Community in Russia, 1895–1918’, in Stephen White et al. (eds), School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993), 121–48.83) 28:06Balashov, Shkola, 12.