ME Outlook 2025: The Gulf’s Diversification Through Minerals and AI

The Gulf states, rich in mineral reserves—Saudi Arabia with gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron ore, and aluminum, and the UAE with limestone, copper, and gypsum—are increasingly positioning themselves as key players in the global critical mineral market. As the demand for clean energy technologies, particularly in EV batteries, grows, and as AI continues to drive heavy energy consumption, these states are embracing the mining, processing, and trading of critical minerals. This strategic shift is part of their broader effort to diversify their economies, reduce reliance on oil, and secure a leading role in the future global economy. Global Distinguished Professor of Environmental Studies and Public Policy at NYU Abu Dhabi Sophia Kalantzakos discusses these in the final edition to the ME Outlook series.