Micro 32: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira

This episode introduces the spirochetes - slender, helically coiled bacteria distinguished by axial filaments that permit corkscrew motility. Drawing from Murray’s Chapter 32, it explores how this unique structure enables deep tissue penetration and systemic dissemination.The narrative begins with Treponema pallidum, the agent of syphilis. Its pathogenesis is defined by immune evasion, slow replication, and a staged clinical course - from painless chancre to systemic rash, latent infection, and potential tertiary disease affecting the cardiovascular and nervous systems.Next, Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by ticks, illustrates vector-borne infection leading to Lyme disease - characterised by erythema migrans, neurologic and cardiac involvement, and chronic sequelae.Finally, Leptospira interrogans demonstrates zoonotic transmission through contaminated water, with systemic vasculitic manifestations affecting liver and kidney.Conceptually, spirochetes represent mobility as virulence. Their thin, flexible structure and immune evasiveness allow them to traverse tissue planes and vascular spaces with remarkable efficiency.Clinically, this chapter reinforces pattern recognition linked to exposure history - sexual transmission, tick bite, freshwater contact - and the importance of early treatment in preventing late complications.Key Takeaways* Spirochetes are thin, helically shaped bacteria with axial filaments* Treponema pallidum causes staged systemic disease* Borrelia species are vector-borne and cause multisystem illness* Leptospira is zoonotic and often water-associated This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit drmanaankarray.substack.com/subscribe