S8 Ep882: Matthew Shindell discusses the Islamic Renaissance, noting that scholars in Baghdad and Damascus conducted rigorous scientific observations while Western Europe possessed only fragmented ancient knowledge. This era's large-scale translation movement and o

Matthew Shindell discusses the Islamic Renaissance, noting that scholars in Baghdad and Damascus conducted rigorous scientific observations while Western Europe possessed only fragmented ancient knowledge. This era's large-scale translation movement and original astronomical research eventually fueled the later European Renaissance. Shindellalso analyzes Dante Alighieri's reinterpretation of Mars in the Divine Comedy, where the planet represents a celestial sphere of virtue. Moving beyond traditional associations with war, Dante portrays Mars as a symbol of fortitude and holy martyrdom. This literary shift connected the red planet to the sacrifice of Christ and his followers. (2/4)1917 Burroughs