Saladin (part 2): The Patient Sultan

In the spring of 1175, the Abbasid khalifa in Baghdad recognized Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub as Sultan of Egypt, Syria, and the Maghrib. He was thirty-seven years old. The Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem sat just over the river, watching him, waiting for him to come. He did not come for another twelve years.This second episode of the Saladin series covers the long middle years, 1175 through 1186, that most narratives skip. We follow the two assassination attempts by Rashid al-Din Sinan's Hashashin, both of which nearly killed Saladin and one of which left him sleeping in mail for a year. We follow the siege of Masyaf in 1176 and the famous Ismaili tradition of the dagger on the pillow, pinned through a loaf of bread, with a verse warning that no place on earth would hide him from the Old Man of the Mountain. We follow his patient absorption of the Zengid territories of northern Syria — Homs, Hama, Baalbek, Aleppo, and finally Mosul in 1186 — not by conquest, but by marriage and treaty and the deliberate refusal to win every fight.And we follow Reynald de Châtillon. The Crusader knight who spent sixteen years in an Aleppine prison, ransomed in 1176, and who, in the winter of 1182 and 1183, built ships in his fortress of Kerak, carried them by camel across the desert to Aqaba, and sailed them into the Red Sea — sacking the Egyptian Hajj ports and reaching within a day's march of Medina. It was an attempt on the Prophet's grave, and Saladin's response was to swear, in the early months of 1183, that if God ever put Reynald into his hand, he would kill him with that hand. The oath sat unfulfilled for four years.When the truce was broken in late 1186 and Reynald seized the great caravan from Egypt, the patience was over. In March 1187 Saladin called the muster of every Muslim emir from Aleppo to the Yemen. The army that had been built one fortress at a time was now riding for Galilee.Sources: Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad's al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya, Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil fi'l-Tarikh, Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's al-Barq al-Shami, Abu Shama's al-Rawdatayn, with modern scholarship from Lyons and Jackson, Anne-Marie Edde, Bernard Lewis, Farhad Daftary on the Hashashin tradition, and Carole Hillenbrand's The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.Content Warning: This episode contains assassination attempts, the execution of Crusader prisoners at Mina during the Hajj in retaliation for the Red Sea raid, and the death of Saladin's older brother in the 1148 siege of Damascus. Enjoyed this episode? Dive deeper into Islamic history with the Archives app - bite-sized lessons, real stories, and daily adventures you can finish in 5 minutes.📲 Download the Archives app here🌐 Learn more here 📸 Follow Basel on Instagram here If this episode helped you, share it with someone who needs to hear it. Assalamu alaykum, and we'll see you in the next one.