This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedanta. Richard Davidson was a 22-year-old graduate student when he went to India to attend an intense meditation retreat. He quickly found the journey had a surprise in store for him.
The bus that we were taking up into the Himalayas got stuck in a landslide, which was pretty scary, actually. Richard and the other passengers found themselves pinned on the edge of a cliff. On one side was a mountain wall. On the other, a sheer drop.
Rocks rained down around them, and rain pounded against the bus window. They felt paralyzed. And then? This unbelievable scene transpired where another bus pulled up from the other side, and we exchanged.
We literally took our belongings. We walked over this landslide into this other bus, and this other bus on these single-lane, narrow roads that are literally 4,000 or 5,000 feet drop with no rail had to go backward for maybe a mile or two until it got to a place where it can turn around. That trip to India would eventually prompt Richie to see his own life as a bridge across a divided road. One side of the road was represented by his teachers at Harvard and mainstream psychology.
The other was represented by his meditation teachers in the United States and India, including, eventually, the Dalai Lama. Both the psychologists and the meditators were engaged with the life of the mind, but from different sides. The scientists wanted to study the brain from the outside in using scans and monitors and probes. The meditator said, Hang on, what we experience during our contemplative practices cannot be captured by crude photos of the brain.
How can a Polaroid camera capture the complexity of an ocean? As we explored in part 1 of the story, Richie soon discovered that both sets of practitioners viewed the other with deep suspicion. If you missed that episode, I recommend you go back and listen to it first. Today on the show, we examine how Richie Davidson eventually found a way to synthesize two very different approaches to the mind.
It would take courage and patience, like a dramatic mountain bus rescue. Bridging the Divided Road This week on Hidden Brain When you study at National College of Ireland, you don't do it alone. From the moment you enroll to the day you graduate and beyond, we're with you every step of the way. At NCI, we're here to help you realize your potential with our full and part-time courses in business, computing, psychology, and education.
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In 1992, Richie Davidson and his colleagues carried 5,000 pounds of scientific equipment with them to India. With the blessings of the Dalai Lama, Richie was hoping to use his scientific instruments to capture what was happening in the minds of highly experienced Tibetan meditators in remote mountain retreats. Over the course of three weeks, literally zero of the practitioners agreed to allow us to put electrodes on their head. They had this view that somehow if we put electrodes on their head, it's going to put something into their head.
And we explained to them that the electrodes don't transmit electricity, they simply pick up electricity. Nevertheless, they were skeptical and they didn't want to participate. It was a complete bust. Total and complete bust.
In the last couple of days, the Dalai Lama said, we have all this equipment and you're here to do this research. And he said, you know, the young monks will be interested in what you're doing. And he asked if we'd please give a lecture. And we said, of course, happy to give the lecture.
And so what we decided to do is since we didn't get to use the equipment to test these long-term practitioners, we're going to do a demonstration with the equipment for these young monks. Rather than ask one of the monks to serve as a volunteer, one of the researchers, neurobiologist Francisco Varela, stepped forward to be the guinea pig. So the way it worked is that I put the electrodes on Francisco's head and then we were going to show all of these young monks what brain activity looked like on a computer monitor. Ritchie told the monks that he would show them the inner workings of the brain by measuring Francisco's brain electrical activity.
Specifically, the scientists told the monks they could demonstrate what compassion looked like when you measured it scientifically. Compassion, of course, is a core interest of Buddhist practice. The scientists figured that they could teach the monks a thing or two about the neural signature of compassion. So there were about 200 monks who were sitting on cushions on the floor, very dutifully sitting, and we were futzing with the electrodes and it took a while.
Those were the older days where it took like 45 minutes to get it all set up and to have the EEG activity, the brain electrical activity, nicely displayed on the computer monitor. Finally, we were ready and we sort of parted and so they can now see Francisco clearly with this electrode cap on his head and the 200 monks just burst out laughing. They were hysterically laughing and we thought that they were laughing because, you know, Francisco looked kind of funny with the electrode cap on his head and it turned out that we didn't realize this at the time but it was pointed out to us the next day that that's not what they were laughing about. They were laughing at the fact that we were talking about studying compassion and we were putting electrodes on the head and not on the heart.
That's what they were laughing about. The neuroscientists thought it was obvious that anything related to behavior had to be entirely shaped by the brain. The monks were equally confident. The scientists didn't know what they were talking about.
On their way out of India, Ritchie asked the Dalai Lama for advice. The trip had been a failure from start to finish. The scientists and the monks were starting with different assumptions and they came from entirely different cultures. And he said, well, what you need to do then is to study practitioners who've been teaching in the West.
When Ritchie got home to Wisconsin, he followed the Dalai Lama's advice. He recruited meditation practitioners who had familiarity with the United States to come into his lab. They were mostly people who were teaching in the West but all of them had really deep meditation experience. All of them, one of the requirements for the study is that they have completed at least one three-year retreat and doing at least eight hours of practice every day for three years.
Ritchie recorded their brain electrical activity and he observed something unusual. We observed these very high amplitude gamma oscillations. Gamma is a very fast frequency of brain electrical activity. It's a frequency of about 40 cycles per second.
You and I have gamma activity. Everybody has gamma activity. But it's typically seen for really short periods of time in most of us. And it's seen during moments of insight.
And so, for example, if you've been working on a problem and suddenly something comes to you, during that sort of quarter of a second where you just have this flash, we often see this kind of gamma activity. Gamma activity is also seen at the moment where different elements of a percept come together. So, for example, imagine biting into a juicy apple. When you imagine that, there are different elements that often occur to most people.
You can imagine the tactile sensation of your teeth digging into a crisp apple. You can imagine the juice sort of being released and the taste. You can imagine the color of the apple. You can hear the sound of the crunch.
So all of these different elements come together in a single unified percept. It turns out that gamma activity that is synchronized in different parts of the brain is the core mechanism that binds those different elements together to create a unified percept in our experience. So they had long durations of gamma activity and it wasn't just when they were meditating but it was also during their baseline state. Long-term practitioners of meditation often report heightened states of perception and awareness.
They report seeing connections that most of us might miss. That twig on the tree isn't just a twig. It's also a leaf, a fruit, and a new branch just in embryonic form. Change in the Buddhist tradition is the only constant.
Meditators say they often have a deep appreciation of the nature of change including changes that transform the worlds of life into the worlds of death and regeneration. The gamma burst Richie saw offered a clue to what might be happening in the minds of master meditators. The amazing thing about this was that unlike most other signals in brain electrical activity this was visually apparent to the naked eye. Most of the time when we do this kind of research we have to process these signals with fancy computer algorithms and after months of processing we get a finding which is a statistical finding.
Here it was visually apparent and it was so apparent that we thought it was an artifact at first. We thought it was something wrong. We thought it was a muscle artifact. We were convinced it couldn't be real because it was so large and so prominent and we had to do a whole year of various kinds of control experiments to convince ourselves that this was indeed real.
The finding was nothing short of remarkable. Richie found that meditation at least in some circumstances by some practitioners could lead to structural changes in the brain. It could literally change our minds. The paper received a lot of attention both in the public and within academia.
It led to a windfall of interest in the science of meditation. But when this paper came out in 2004 it was a real inflection point because it was the first time that a paper on meditation had ever been published in this august scientific journal and if you look at the publication rate of papers scientific papers on meditation you will see an inflection point at around 2005 where it just begins to steeply rise and I would like to think in part it was stimulated by the work that was represented in this paper. When we come back Richie runs an unusual study where he subjects experienced meditators to intense bursts of pain. You're listening to Hidden Brain I'm Shankar Vedanta.
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National College of Ireland with you every step of the way. To find out more visit nciorl.ie This is Hidden Brain I'm Shankar Vedanta. Through much of his career psychologist Richie Davidson has wanted to bridge two approaches to understanding the mind. The first he learned while getting his PhD in psychology at Harvard.
This approach examined the brain from the outside using tools like electrodes and brain scanners. The other approach came from meditation retreats that Richie attended and involved deep introspection and observation. During the first of those retreats Richie found himself in agonizing pain as he sat still for hour upon hour of meditation. But when the pain became nearly unbearable Richie decided to turn toward it instead of trying to avoid it.
He studied the pain tried to tease apart its sensations. Instead of responding to the pain he observed it. You know I remember very distinctly having the experience this first time of having the pain be completely transformed where I was experiencing it as tingling, as heat as different kinds of sensations and when you really penetrate it you can see all of these varied qualities and it's not just one thing. You know we label it as pain but that's a label and that the actual experience is far more granular and differentiated.
Back home in the United States Richie decided to run a study where he measured the effects of pain on the brains of long-term meditators and non-meditators. The way I often talk about this is many listeners recognize that when they go for example to a cardiologist to get their heart examined the cardiologist would often have you do a cardiac stress test where you would exercise on an exercise bike or treadmill and exercise the heart to evaluate its function. And what we are doing in some sense is a stress test for the mind and the brain. One of the ways we can do that is with physical pain.
We use pain that is extremely real. We use heat as a painful stimulus and we can deliver heat in a very very safe and very controlled way where we can very precisely regulate the degree of heat and it's a plate that goes on the ulnar area of the wrist it's a very sensitive area and we have water that circulates through this plate very rapidly and we can precisely control the temperature of the water. We give them one experience of this pain and I've had this done to myself many times and I can tell you it is really really painful and it feels like your skin is burning and you can sort of tolerate it for one or two seconds but then after two seconds or three seconds you really feel it's unbearable and we have this device strapped on so you can't just simply pull your hand away. So we give them this experience and then we bring them into the MRI scanner.
We tell them that when they hear a tone when they hear beep it means ten seconds later they're going to get zapped with this pain. The pain lasts for ten seconds and after those ten seconds there's another ten second period which we call a recovery period where nothing happens and we can just look to see how the brain response subsides. And one of the things that we know is where the networks in the brain are that process this kind of physical pain. This is known in the scientific literature as the pain matrix.
It's a well-defined set of brain regions so we know exactly where to look. So again, the volunteers, both meditators and non-meditators are given an experience of its cruciating pain. They're then told that when a beat goes off they will get zapped again in ten seconds. The brains of the non-meditators respond immediately.
The areas in the brain that are part of this pain matrix begin to activate immediately. Nothing has happened other than its own. They haven't received any painful stimulus and just presenting the tone was sufficient to activate most of the pain matrix. When the actual physical pain started the pain matrix continued to pain.
After that, and then they had a very slow recovery over the next ten seconds. The advanced meditators come in and when the tone occurs there is no significant activation in any area of the pain matrix. None. Flat.
Zero. Nothing. So there's absolutely no change in any area of the pain matrix when they hear this anticipatory tone. Then when the pain comes on they actually show a huge response and in certain areas of the brain it's actually a larger response.
It's significantly larger than in the controls. Particularly the areas that are sensitive to the sensory qualities of the pain and then when the pain goes off after the 10 seconds they come right back down to baseline and this is we believe the neural signature of resilience and it is paralleled in their reports of pain so they report that the painful stimulus is very intense and actually the intensity ratings that they give it are no different than the intensity ratings that are given by the controls but they rate it as dramatically less distressing so what is this telling you what is the fact that they're not showing a reaction in the pain matrix when you play the tone what do you think that's telling us at a conceptual level i think it's telling us in part that they're living in the moment so to speak they're not worrying before they need to uh there's a big chunk of real estate that we have in the front of our brain called the prefrontal cortex and uh it's larger in humans in relation to the rest of the brain mass than in any other species and it is responsible for many of the things that are characteristically human and one of the things that is characteristically human is our ability to do what psychologists have called mental time travel we can anticipate the future and we can reflect on the past in ways that far exceed what any other species can do this is obviously extremely important for all of the amazing things that humans can do and for their adaptability but it also is what gets us into trouble and it gets us into trouble because we're worrying about the future and ruminating about the past so much of the time think about the last time you suffered an injury or fell sick if you're like most people the suffering caused by the injury or the illness was compounded by your thoughts maybe you asked yourself why the illness had to happen to you maybe you replayed the injury and berated yourself for getting in harm's way maybe you fantasize about what it would feel like to be healthy again only to find yourself returning to the despair of your suffering and so what this experiment shows is that meditation training can really help us to be more in the present so when this tone comes on that signifies that a pain is about to occur what happens in the brain of these meditators is that the auditory part of their brain registers its own and that's it and then when the pain comes on it's not like they're blocking out the pain they're not blocking out at all in fact their sensory channels are even more open but then when the pain goes off they recover very quickly and again it's being able to uh turn off the prefrontal cortex when it's no longer necessary and they don't ruminate about what just happened so this is something that i think is um very instructive for how these practices can change our everyday behavior what richie is talking about here is a core tenet of many spiritual and psychotherapeutic techniques suffering may be inevitable in our lives but the way we respond to suffering is not inevitable with practice we can spend less time ruminating about the past or fantasizing about the future and more time fully experiencing the here and now in another study richie examined the effects of contemplative practices on the immune system what we did in this study is we used employees of a high-tech corporation who reported a lot of stress we randomly assigned them to a condition where they went through mindfulness-based stress reduction another group was a controlled condition and we gave everyone a flu shot what we did was simply that we took blood samples before and after the flu shot which allowed us to quantitatively determine the efficacy of the flu vaccine for each individual that is we can look at the antibody titers that are mounted in response to the vaccine which provides a hard-nosed objective indicator of how effective the vaccine is and the data were really clear in showing that there indeed was a significant effect such that the individuals who went through the meditation condition had a significantly more robust response to the flu vaccine compared to their controlled counterparts why do you think so happened why would why would meditation affect the immune system richard well first of all the most honest answer is we don't fully know at this point in time is a topic of active investigation but we have some clues um we know that the immune system is very influenced by stress neurobiology and we know that some of the hormones for example that are released during stress will directly impede with an immune response and so if you engage in a strategy that decreases your stress response it can have an effect on immunity richie has also discovered that our tendency to focus on ourselves is dampened after meditation other researchers found that regular meditators show less anger than a control group some of richie's most interesting research has explored something he noticed when he first became entranced by meditation the friends who introduced him to meditation seemed to be among the kindest most compassionate people he'd met was their meditation an engine for their kindness this was a difficult question to study scientifically but in one experiment richie gave volunteers fifty dollars one group underwent training in compassion-based mindfulness techniques another group did not then all of the subjects observed a financial transaction between two strangers it's an unfair uh transaction where funds are being distributed highly inequitably between two people so one person is going to make out with a lot of money and the second person is going to get very little notice that the volunteer doesn't have to get involved this is a transaction between two strangers the volunteer could easily tell herself i've got my fifty dollars i'm all set who cares if some stranger is a victim in an unfair transaction and they're given the choice we then tell them as part of the experiment that they can render a transaction between two people who are strangers to them to be more fair if they use their own money that we just gave them if they use some of the fifty dollars that we just gave them to make that transaction to be more fair and more altruistic and we ask whether training and compassion leads people to be more monetarily altruistic in this circumstance we've done this with people who are just learning to meditate who've just done a few weeks of compassion meditation training and what we find is that they indeed behave more altruistically than their randomly assigned counterparts who received another kind of training that did not entail any compassion another example in a very different age group is work that we've done with young children because we've been interested in how we can train these qualities starting in kids who are in preschool who are four and five years of age so what is a currency that is valued by a four-year-old well kids love stickers and we did a very simple experiment what we did is we found out through various kinds of ratings who the child's best friend was in class who the child's least favorite person was in the class and then we had a child that they had never seen before and a fourth category was a obviously sick looking child who was in bed with a bandage on his head and we had pictures of each of these kids and what we did is we put these pictures on envelopes and we also had one envelope which had their own picture on it and we told the kids here are 20 stickers you can keep all the stickers for yourself and if you want to keep them all for yourself put them in the envelope with your picture on it but if you want to give some to other people you can do that too and please distribute the stickers according to which kids you want to have these stickers now teachers and parents routinely preach the importance of sharing and generosity to their children richie went a step further in the work that we do with children we do simple forms of contemplative training where children are asked when thinking about a peer in their class to bring them into their mind and think about the fact that they are the same in many ways as as they are in wanting to be happy and not have pain or suffering i mean obviously in age-appropriate language and we do these really short practices with these kids you know typically one or two minutes of practice we find that the kids behave significantly more altruistically on this task they give more stickers to others and particularly more stickers to their least favorite person and to the sick child and to the kid that they've never seen before compared to their randomly assigned counterparts who do not receive this training i'm wondering if you might be able to tell me about some of the studies you've conducted where you have not found an effect uh where you maybe you found a negative effect and some of the critiques that have been raised about your work and about the larger work of basically trying to prove the benefits of contemplative practices because again going back to the concerns that your professors at harvard were raising you're a practitioner you're a believer you're an enthusiast you're also the scientist you know when pharmaceutical companies conduct trials of their drugs we have a regulatory organization that evaluates the quality of those studies because we understand that there's a conflict of interest now i'm not sure there's a financial conflict of interest here maybe there is maybe there isn't but there's certainly an emotional conflict of interest here are there ways in which that the science has basically not worked out the way you think that these studies have failed to pan out yeah so those are really great super important questions and i really appreciate you raising them and particularly the way you've raised them and let me just say a few things first uh to just clarify you know we have a non-profit entity that i created called healthy minds innovations i should say that it is a non-profit corporation i have never been paid a penny by this healthy minds innovations organization nor will i ever be paid a penny by them and in fact i've made a commitment to donate all of my speaking and consulting fees for the remainder of my active career directly go to this non-profit so there is no financial conflict of interest but as you do correctly and rightly point out there is in some sense an emotional conflict of interest which is a legitimate question and let me just tell share a story which is worth sharing i was one of the ringleaders that helped to invite the dalai lama to speak at the society for neuroscience meeting which is the world's largest convening of sort of mainstream hard-nosed neuroscientists i think this occurred in maybe 2005 or 6 around then and if you go back to this time you will see that there was actually a front page new york times article about this because there was a petition by scientists who are members of the society for neuroscientists protesting the dalai lama's appearance at this meeting because they said that a religious figure has no business giving a talk at a scientific meeting so but in this article on the new york times on the front page it also mentioned our work and singled me out and said davidson has admitted in public that he himself meditates and so how can he possibly be an objective scientist when it comes to this well let me ask a cardiologist who studies the effects of physical exercise on the heart and does physical exercise him or herself same might be said to them is it appropriate for them to ever do physical exercise they what about a scientist who studies perception should they stop perceiving you know in certain ways it was ridiculous but i had a lot of fun with it but nevertheless there's something real in your question which i do think is important so how do we address this well we have published a whole series of articles that are non-findings that don't replicate findings in literature or that are contradicting a hypothesis that we had where we thought that meditation would produce benefit in some way and it didn't and we have been really rigorous and tenaciously committed to publishing all of our non-findings and those are honestly some of the most important scientific papers of which i'm really proud of as a scientist after richie's original paper came out in 2004 a wave of research on mindfulness supported its benefits but over the last few years other research has come out challenging many of the findings critics have argued the benefits of mindfulness are overhyped there are so many different kinds of meditation that it's simplistic to say that it's universally beneficial plus critics say mindfulness training can actually cause harmful side effects in other words it's a mistake to think of meditation as a one-size-fits-all solution to human misery some of those critical studies have been published by richie himself we have now i think about eight of these papers that have been published and the last one was published quite recently and really made a big splash it was in a very high profile journal uh science advances and uh what it showed is that contrary to a lot of hype that mindfulness-based stress reduction this two-month program of training does not lead to structural changes in the brain you know there was a lot of media hype about how you can grow your prefrontal cortex by doing two months of meditation well our findings show that that's just very unlikely to be true i'm not afraid to publish that kind of work it doesn't diminish my personal commitment to meditating it just even encourages me more two months is not going to do it maybe you have to meditate longer than that and so i view science as a community enterprise where the work the findings are going to be adjudicated in the community and so um you know we use the most rigorous methods that we possibly can use we're not afraid to publish non-findings and we encourage others to uh take our data take our findings and um see if they can replicate them when we come back i ask richie how he has applied his scientific findings to his own life you're listening to hidden brain i'm shankar redanthan this is hidden brain i'm shankar redanthan psychologist richie davidson has tried for decades to study the effects of mindfulness and meditation on the mind he has run experiments scan the brains of countless volunteers and try to understand what is happening inside the heads of meditators when they say that contemplative practices make them less stressed and more compassionate but even as he has run studies and published scientific papers richie has practiced meditation himself and he has found that it has changed the way his own mind works take for example a fear that will be familiar to many people the terror of public speaking in 1992 i was scheduled to give this major scientific talk and i used to have a lot of anxiety about public speaking one of the ways that i learned to mitigate my anxiety is to literally write out word for word my talk and so that's what i did and i was sitting in the audience waiting for my turn to be called up sitting next to a very senior colleague who i had great respect for so this guy he didn't realize what i had done but he said the worst thing something can do is to get up there and read a talk it's just so boring when scientists do that he didn't know that i had done exactly that and i just sort of looked at him and turned white and so i made the kind of outrageous and courageous i decision two seconds later someone gets up and introduces me and i'm you know starting to get up and as i got up i handed this guy david my talk and just got up there and delivered it spontaneously it was the first time i had ever delivered a spontaneous talk like that and you know i would say it was okay it wasn't great but it wasn't terrible i'm wondering does meditation help with something like this when it comes to these kinds of anxieties as it helps sort of soothe these anxieties to make it easier to meditate before you talk in public now uh yes i do meditate for a brief period of time typically before i give important talks that's the way i prepare for them it's really helped me i would say a lot i really used to get quite nervous giving public talks and i don't have that experience anymore um and i know others very well who've had very similar experiences and uh different kinds of meditation has really given them tools to help them with this notice that the fear of public speaking like many fears is about your concerns about what will happen to you in the future it's like the beep you hear that tells you you are going to experience pain 10 seconds of the future your anticipation of the pain is itself a source of pain you haven't bombed your speech you're just afraid it might happen and your anxiety makes it harder for you to do well richie has also found that meditation has helped him deal with the anger that marked his early adulthood and his experiences as a parent for those who are challenging times uh when my son was a teenager we lived through uh three very tumultuous years and it was really difficult and he really challenged us in all kinds of ways he didn't want us to be his parents anymore uh at the age of like 15 and thought that he should just go out and go on the street and hang out with his friends and um be liberated from our parental constraints how did you how did you react when he said that richard how do you react when your 15 year old says he doesn't want you to be his parent anymore what was your reaction it was very difficult um there was definitely some anger that was part of my response and you know the anger in retrospect was extremely unhelpful so uh we didn't really appreciate the kind of social and emotional consequences of this but you know my wife is a physician by training um my daughter was you know extremely successful academically you know i've had a successful academic career and then my son sort of felt like he landed in a foreign family because school was challenging for him you know at one point in time we really thought he would this was a kid who's not going to be able to go to college and so you know really required completely changing our expectations and you know these are areas where i feel like my meditation practice has made an enormous difference over the years and you know has really changed that domain of my behavior and once we started giving up all of our hopes and dreams and expectations and really had just one hope and dream which was simply that he'd be happy once we're able to get to that point then everything started changing but you mentioned something interesting a second ago which is that the role that we have the expectations that we have in some ways prevented you perhaps from being the father that you might have wanted to be but talk about that because it seems to me that part of what you're talking about with these contemplative practices is also about the role of ego and how the ego is actually shaping our behavior it feels like there's a connection there yeah there definitely is and um you know i uh very much had the view you know i'm a successful academic and i'm going to have kids that are going to be very successful in this realm and that was part of my you know my self-image you know i attributed to my practice that we were able to pretty quickly see that and see how destructive that could be and um able to let that go and once we did that you know we kind of allowed natural resilience and growth to emerge and then he went to college he went to graduate school he became a school psychologist he's married with a 15 month old now and a wonderful father but you know there was a lot of work that went into that and uh on both his part and our part you you tell a story about the time when the dalai lama came to visit the united states and one time you were you were greeting the dalai lama and having one of your students present some work tell me that story of what happened because it sounds like it was a meaningful moment for you in your life richie yeah that was a very powerful um moment uh so when the dalai lama used to travel to the united states he asked us to convene these very small meetings where we would just have maybe 12 people in the room we would brief him on scientific research on meditation so one year uh it was decided that rather than having the old senior folks like myself give the presentations we're gonna have young people who are graduate students and postdocs give the presentations and one of the individuals who selected happened to be my graduate student i was asked to simply serve in the role of a moderator and i introduced each of these trainees i said a little bit about who they were and set the context for the research that they were doing and then moderated the discussion after they presented and the student of mine who was uh presenting was the last person her name is helen wing and she's done some wonderful research on compassion so when it came time to introduce helen i said you know this is helen wing she's my graduate student she's worked in my lab and then i said a few other things and my experience of what happened next was the dalai lama grabbed my arm and in a very stern way almost harsh he said don't use my just like that as in my graduate student in my lab yeah and he was clearly seeing something in me that he wanted to give me feedback on and i was shocked i mean i was just my world completely stopped i was shaken by it and i um to this day i reflect on that all the time it was just this unbelievably powerful teaching for me about humility you know it's not really about me and my uh it's um that's just my ego myself grasping you know clearly the work of any student is the product of so many different causes and conditions to uh personally own it in this way was just so biased really and uh uh just narrow i mean it speaks to what you were telling me at the start of the conversation which is really that there is a world that is out there but we process that world through our minds and paying attention to how our minds are processing the world really changes the world that we experience exactly i could not put it any better richard davidson is a psychologist at the university of wisconsin madison he's the author of alter traits and the founder and director of the university center for healthy minds richie thank you for joining me today on hidden brain thank you so much hankari for your wonderful questions i really appreciate it hidden brain is produced by hidden brain media our audio production team includes bridget mccarthy annie murphy paul kristin wong laura corell ryan cats autumn barnes and andrew chadwick tara boyle is our executive producer i'm hidden brains executive editor our unsung here today is hidden brain listener and supporter amy guldner she writes my husband and i both love love love this podcast we both geek out over neuroscience and find it so applicable to our personal and professional life if you also find hidden brain to be useful to you in your daily life please consider joining amy in supporting our work you can do so by joining hidden brain plus our subscription program via apple podcasts you can find it on the apple podcast app or at apple.co slash hidden brain i'm shankar k thunton see you soon when you study at national college of ireland you don't do it alone from the moment you enroll to the day you graduate and beyond we're with you every step of the way at nci we're here to help you realize your potential with our full and part-time courses in business computing psychology and education and our campus couldn't be more convenient right in the heart of dublin just five minutes conversation conversation national college of ireland with you every step of the way to find out more visit ncrl.ie