Show me the CTLs

This episode explores an early mRNA vaccination study showing that injected RNA can be injected into the body, be translated into protein that is presented on MHC class I to generate an antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell respons. This discussion highlights how researchers moved from simply proving in-vivo protein expression to demonstrating that nucleic acids themselves could function as immunogens—laying the conceptual groundwork for modern mRNA vaccines.