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Because the NBA is the world of its own. Let's do it now. So from the biggest names to the biggest moments, ESPN is where you call home. Hi everybody, welcome to 2020 The After Show. I'm Deborah Roberts and as always, it's so good to have you with us.
And I gotta tell you, you are in for a special treat today because we have brought in with us two groundbreaking scientists who have had a huge impact in the world of True Crime. And if those of you who are True Crime followers follow groundbreaking technology, you'll want to hear about this one. As always, we take a closer look at one of our most recent 2020 episodes. And this one was called Home Alone. And this one is the story where DNA technology became a game changer for investigators.
It all centers around 31 year old Alison Feldman, who was in the prime of her life. The new homeowner in Scottsdale, Arizona. It was a place that she loved. She was a successful medical supply sales rep. She worked with burn victims.
And by all accounts, she was a caring and dedicated person, a bright light in the world. And then on February 17th, 2015, Alison was murdered in her own home. Her boyfriend found her body after this brutal attack. And there were few clues about who killed her. He was initially looked at as a suspect, but then was eventually excluded.
So Alison's murder went unsolved for years until a DNA breakthrough led to an arrest. Now, as those of you out there who follow this kind of stuff, you know DNA has factored often into cold cases that we cover on 2020. So today we thought we'd take a look at how it all works with the help of two people who are just doing incredible work in the field, David and Kristin Middleman. Their company, Authorum, uses cutting-edge technology to build DNA profiles that have been critical in solving some of the most infamous crimes all across this country. So David and Kristin, welcome.
Thank you for having us. Oh my gosh. Good to have you both here. And I got to tell you, first of all, I mean, the work that you do, and you know that we have looked to your work a lot at 2020. You've taken part in some of our episodes.
One of them called the Code Breakers, where you helped solve a couple of cases. In fact, we were just talking, Kristin, 6,000 cases. You both have the more than 6,000 cases you've been involved in. So we all know that, and we've heard DNA technology makes a big difference. It's all about genetics and matching and all of that.
But before we get to talking about this case, let's talk about kind of what you do and how this works, how it matters. I mean, Kristin, in the simplest way that you can kind of help people understand why it's a game changer. Why? DNA is the most powerful biometric, in my opinion, when a crime scene happens, because you can't change it. People can change their appearance.
So if they were caught on camera, they can look different. They can change their name. They can do something to, they can even burn their hands and conceal fingerprints. I mean, people tend to get away with being able to hide biometrics. DNA is one of those biometrics you can not conceal.
Yeah. And so I think it's one of the most powerful biometrics. And I think that up until now, in investigations, people have used DNA at the end of an investigation to confirm that the suspect does match the DNA fund at the crime scene. Or in the CODIS database, that's the database fund by the FBI in the United States of known perpetrators to see if the person has committed multiple crimes, if they are a repeat offender. But that was the limit of DNA up until Othrom started to exist a few years ago and up until we started to create new technologies.
Well, before we get deeper into the DNA and this particular episode, I want to talk about YouTube, first of all, because what's so intriguing is you're not just a scientist, but you're a couple. You met in the science lab, essentially, right? Ed Baylor College. And was it just the science? Was it the mutual attraction, Kristen?
We were both one of six students that were scholarship. And so we got put together pretty early on in seminars. David was by far the smartest person in the room. I mean, two questions. And I knew he understood science better than anyone I had ever been exposed to.
And I had been exposed to a lot of Nobel Prize winners and scientists. So we started to talk about my project. I was working on gene therapies and blind mice. And he actually built the treatments to cure the blind mice. What?
At that point, I thought, if he can cure blind mice, he can fix anything. I break a lot of things. And so I'm taken with him. Yeah. I'm sticking with this guy.
Now we've been inseparable ever since. We are probably the true epitome of opposites attract. We're nothing alike. Yeah. But I know what that's like.
We're better together. Well, David, how do you go from science and curing blind mice to solving crimes? Because you were really intrigued by cold cases and the idea that cases out there that just were not being solved and science could play a part. Yeah. We spent years working in biomedicine.
It's kind of a byproduct of training in a medical school. We were a Baylor College of Medicine. So we learned about cancer and disease. But as you know, I continued in the university and doing just general research and biomedical science, I was really interested in high impact problems that don't have a lot of solutions or a lot of people working on them. There's a lot of smart people working on cancer on any disease you can imagine.
And I became exposed to this problem in which there are tens of thousands of people that have been unidentified for years in this country. Over 300,000 violent crimes, sex assault homicides that have never been resolved. There's evidence available. And nothing's really been done since those cases have been unsolved to try to move them into a solved state. And so the idea that you could take DNA technology, which had grown in advanced quite substantially in other industries like medicine and bring into this area, that felt really high impact.
And it felt like no one was working on that. And just to really kind of drill in on that, you know, you can take a consumer DNA test and at one of those companies, and it'll show you on the map where you're from, where your ancestors are from, all this rich information. And the police get DNA from a crime scene and they just get basically a yes-no, is it in the database? And so the idea that they don't have access to basic tools that any consumer has access to, it just sounded crazy. So we wanted to make sure that we could build technology that would provide at least that much resolution or more for investigators or trying to investigate something that is also really important, not just wearing the world that you're from, but who murdered this person, who sexually assaulted this person.
All right, well hold that thought because we need to take a quick break and when we come back more from David and Kristin about how this technology is changing lives. Don't go anywhere. This show is supported by Chime. Here's a message your younger self would have liked to hear. There's a bank out there where you don't have to pay all those endless fees.
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Welcome back to 2020, the after-show. I am here with David and Kristen Middleman who work in forensic genetic genealogy, getting a great masterclass in what this is all about. You mentioned CODIS earlier, and we've all heard about that database, but the idea that you're able to kind of go beyond that, right? And give us a sense because people know a little bit about this, but they don't really know the details of the science behind it. So over the years, it's been kind of hit or miss, right?
So when police can gather some kind of a sample from a crime scene, they can run it through that CODIS lab, but if the person hasn't been arrested or anything like that, it's not going to get a hit. So how did you sort of overcome that idea? Yeah, so this CODIS system, the FBI runs, it's a registry. It's kind of like, imagine the Yellow Pages, and you can find things in the Yellow Pages if they're already there. So CODIS is the same way.
If you've got a known offender and that known offender's DNA gets into the database, not all known offenders get the CODIS. Sometimes the DNA doesn't make it. It's just like you have sexual predators that don't always make it on the sex offender list, and they should. So there's not a perfect process, but generally, if you're a known offender, you'll have your DNA profile put into this database. And like the Yellow Pages, they can basically look up your identity if they find your profile at a crime scene.
The problem is, if you have not been caught, if you didn't make it into the database, if the crime predated the broad use of CODIS, right? If you're a victim, what if they find remains somewhere because you're the victim of a crime? Why would a victim be in CODIS? So if any of these other situations happen, then there's not going to be a match. And so that's why we kind of call the CODIS search like a chance, a chance match opportunity, if you might be in the system.
What's different about what we do is that we're building DNA profiles that instead of having a handful of DNA markers, CODIS is like 20 data points. We take half a million data points in your DNA. And with half a million data points, instead of looking for an exact match or for a parent, child, or something relationship, we can look for the most distant relationships. Because in the end, we're all kind of one big genetic family. I sometimes describe it as like a human tapestry.
That's what our DNA is. We're like all part of the same tapestry. And somehow we're all related to everyone, we're one big family. And so if you have enough data points, you can draw these long range connections between people. And you can say, based on all this information here, are a dozen people, they're not closely related to you, but they're loosely related to you.
And if you know who they are, you can then begin to build family trees for those people, to figure out who their relatives are. And as you build out these family trees, if you're related to everyone that you're building the tree for, you'll be somewhere in that tree. And so this is a different approach. Instead of looking someone up like you would in the phone book, what you're really doing is you're doing something that's more akin to like GPS. The DNA is a GPS signal.
And all these families and records and trees are essentially the map. And the DNA puts you somewhere on the map, and you can use essentially process of elimination to figure out where on this family tree you might be. And that allows you then to find people, their identities, even if they're not actually directly deposited in a system like CODIS. Well, that's so fascinating when you talk about the family tree because that's a way of kind of understanding it. And I think, Kristen, you've said, and you said in the episode Friday night, which we're going to talk about in a second, that it's like, well, you said it's like a camera.
And you said DNA is like, you know, it's a metric, right? It's like a clear metric. It's either you or it's not you. Correct. Yeah.
Yeah. Science, of course, is 90 plus percent positive. But do you ever worry that science could be wrong? And maybe you got it wrong? Or do you feel pretty confident in everything you do?
I don't worry. The problem with this science is false negatives, not false positives. Once you have those matches and you've built that family tree and given law enforcement that lead, that's because you were able to get a good profile. But the evidence in some cases is treated in a way that we can't get enough of those markers enough of that information to do so. And that's a false negative.
So that doesn't mean that that case can ever be solved. It just means we're not getting enough information from that evidence right now. It's not tractable. But once we have that lead, because we're looking at hundreds and hundreds of thousands of markers, and because DNA is such a powerful biometric where, you know, we are all different, it is not possible to have a false positive. And the technology is confirmed with a codist test after the fact.
So beyond just us giving that lead and investigators confirming it using SNP technology, they then collect DNA and do an STR test with those 20 markers and their match. And that's the technology that's gone to court for 30 plus years. And we've now been in so many trials across the country. We've been in trial more than any other person using this technology. We have never seen the evidence be dismissed or not used.
And that's interesting about the false positives versus the false negatives. Interesting. Yeah, most of the time you just missed the answer. Yeah. And so you've consumed the evidence and this is not evidence you can get more of.
So you're saying you might miss that person who's guilty more than you would actually get somebody who is not guilty. Depending on how familiar DNA markers, right? So the odds that you would compute the DNA markers wrong, like if I had a DNA profile for me, the odds that I could mess up the profile and it suddenly matches you is very low. I'd have to change hundreds of thousands of letters to just magically match yours. The more likely problem would be that I got the letters wrong.
And now I'm not going to see relationships that should be there, right? Because if we're related, we share markers. If the markers are wrong, we don't share them anymore. Now you can't see us. So that's what Kristin means by false negative.
Well, it's really fascinating. And I do want to talk about Friday nights episode. While you weren't a part of that case, you definitely weighed in for us on this case. And as I mentioned earlier, our episode in that episode DNA became a crucial part of zeroing in on Alison Feldman's killer. So we're going to take a quick break.
So don't you go anywhere. And don't you go anywhere because when we come back, we're going to talk about a tiny stain on Alison's floor and how that wound up helping solve for murder and other details that you haven't heard. So stay with us. So go anywhere. Today, I want to tell you about our friends at Layla Sleep.
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That's abcsecretsavings.com slash two zero two zero. Welcome back to 2020, the after show. I am here with two incredible scientists, a married couple, David and Kristen Middleman, founders of authoring experts in forensic DNA testing. And we're taking a look at the Allison Bellman case, which is the story that we just covered on 2020. It was called Home Alone.
I should mention that you did not work on this case per se, but you observed it for us and you helped us kind of understand a little bit about the case. And it was so interesting because this was one that was very hard for police and you too have encountered this a lot where police are stumped, right? Even though they have maybe gotten up some evidence from the scene and in this case, somebody had attempted to clean up the floor, right? So she's found murdered. There are very few clues there and someone appeared to have tried to clean up the floor.
And I'm sure you run into that too, but is there still DNA present oftentimes when that has happened? Absolutely. It's very hard to commit a crime and not leave some DNA at the crime scene. And even if you've tried to conceal it or clean it up, we have worked hundreds of cases where there's chemical cleanup that has occurred and we're still able to build one of these DNA profiles. That's shocking, really shocking because that tells you how behind the science is, right?
And in this case, that was something that was a tiny, tiny spec of something that really made a difference, David, right? Yeah, a stain that had a presence of DNA and that DNA was able to be lifted from the material purified and then tested. And we do a lot of stories about old cases, cold cases and how the new DNA played a big part. Let's talk about in this case, in Allison's case, so police kept looking, kept looking. They were searching and not doing very well with their search in terms of making an arrest.
They apparently banned out to like more than 100 people who were ever connected to Allison Bellman's life, right? Trying to get a sense of DNA and how that would play out here. And there was a new tool familial DNA. What is familial DNA made? So when CODIS was built and it was nationalized in 1994, it was built under the idea that you could collect 20 about 20 markers is what they collect now for a person, use that to index people that are known offenders. And then if you find 20 markers at a crime scene, you could do an exact match
to see if those 20 markers are already in the database tied to a known person. Familial search extends that a little bit more and says, what if we find some of the markers match, 15 of the 20 markers match? Could that be evidence that there's someone that's a close relative in the database? So instead of just being able to find you in the database, perhaps you could also find someone that's a parent or child relationship or sibling. It doesn't work much more than that. You could imagine, let's say a you and I were a brother and sister and we
have 20 markers. You may have gotten a good amount of your markers from mom. I got mine from dad. We'd only share 10 markers. If we were even half siblings or cousins, there wouldn't be enough markers to even measure that. But familial search can measure a close relationship, parent
child or sibling. And put you kind of close in the proximity, which is what happened in this case. So the suspect that police began to look at as people saw in our piece on Friday night, I am Mitchum had a brother who was in prison and they were able to sort of connect those two because he had multiple brothers, but they were able to kind of zero in on who was in the area near Allison Feldman. And that was what kind of led them to her. What did you make of that, Kristin?
Yeah, that's exactly what happened. So when they uploaded the DNA from the crime scene to CODIS, it wasn't a direct match, but it was a match to his brother. And they looked at because he had multiple brothers. They looked to see which one would make the most sense. They start to contextualize that information to see who might have been in the area. And they did think, yes,
I, I was the brother that made the most sense. And so they decided to zone into that and make sure that they could confirm the relationship between him and the DNA profile that was found at the crime scene. So that was actually the way they were able to kind of pull this all together. And he was a total stranger. And ordinarily for a police, they're stumped sometimes when this happens. He had been stopped for a DUI at some point. And then there was question about his DNA.
And then of course that goes into the courts. And so we talk about that. I'm curious for you too, having worked in this field for so long and you feel so certain about it, but then there are legal barriers from time to time, sometimes about how DNA was collected or whether or not doubt can be cast on it. I think that's why there need to be guardrails and how this work is being done. What happened in this case is instead of going to collect new DNA from iron and confirm that his DNA was 100% match in the CODIS system to to the DNA left of the crime scene, they first wanted to confirm it using the vial of DNA that already existed from the DUI arrest. And
that DUI arrest didn't consent that vial of blood to be tested for anything other than the blood alcohol level in that vial of blood. And so that led to the defense saying, well, that was an improper use of that vial. And even the Supreme Court in Arizona agreed that that was improper use that that was not consented for that use. The reason they allowed the DNA evidence to remain is because during the CODIS upload, you had a direct match to his brother. And so if that vial blood didn't exist, then they would have gone and gotten a warrant to test his DNA. And so it would
have been inevitable that that would have been the next step, which is why they ruled what they did. Yes, but I do think that the more guardrails that exist, the more that law enforcement is trained to immediately go and get that warrant to collect the DNA from the person rather than to look for that first place that you could test the DNA to confirm your hypothesis because they could have gone the other direction. And so I think guardrails are very, very important, even sitting here as scientists. And in this case, Mitchum actually was convicted. He the earlier this year, he was tried and convicted of Allison's murder. And the DNA did play a huge part here. I'm just wondering what
that's like for YouTube because it's a science and you do this and you help solve the cases, but ultimately families get some resolution, right? And that's got to be gratifying. I mean, even just watching a case like this that you weren't a part of others you have been, that must be gratifying for you too. You can think of these crimes as having a blast radius. There's the person that is, you know, the center of the victim. In this case, Allison, who was sexually assaulted and murdered, but the longer
it takes to solve the case, the greater the blast radius of damage her family suffers, her friends suffer, the community suffer. So it's really paramount to address these cases as they happen as quickly as possible, because you can't reverse the crime, but you can at least contain or try to limit the amount of damage to everyone else. And when it takes years or decades, sometimes family members don't live long enough to get the answers. So it cannot express even for the older cases, how urgent it is. We've never worked the case, even cases that are very old, where there isn't someone that still remembers a person that's been waiting and has been tortured because they don't have an answer. So there's an
urgency no matter what age the case is to identify it to make sure that the person responsible hasn't done other things that will not continue to do things, and that the family and friends can get an answer as to what happened to their loved one. Well, you're changing a lot of lives, Kristen and David, thank you so much for being a part of not only this program, but many of our 2020 programs, good to have you here and to explain a little bit about what you do. And thank you for being with us and spending some time with us today. And of course, you can always catch 2020 on Friday nights on ABC and stream episodes like this one anytime on Disney Plus and Hulu. See you soon. The new
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