The Spirit Telegraph: How Victorian Engineers Plugged the Dead Into the Cable

On 31 March 1848, two girls in a Hydesville cottage worked out a code with a rapping presence. Four years earlier, Samuel Morse had sent the first electric message from Washington to Baltimore. The Victorian and post-Victorian Spiritualist movement organised itself in the vocabulary of the telegraph, and a generation later the engineers who had laid the Atlantic cable were running séances with the same instruments. This article reads the period from the Hydesville rappings to the Houdini-Doyle feud as a single technological story, with the documented case file of mediums and exposures, the Society for Psychical Research, and the migration of the metaphor from wire to wireless.