The Syrian Civil War – Aleppo

Episode 36 explores the Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) — one of the most devastating and strategically significant battles of the Syrian Civil War. Once Syria’s largest city, Aleppo became divided between government-controlled west and rebel-held east, turning it into a prolonged urban battlefield. As the conflict escalated, Aleppo evolved into a global proxy war, with Syrian government forces backed by Russia and Iran, while various rebel groups received support from foreign powers including the United States and regional allies. In 2016, government forces launched a decisive offensive, surrounding eastern Aleppo and imposing a siege that cut off supplies. Intense airstrikes, artillery bombardment, and street-by-street fighting gradually destroyed rebel defenses. The battle caused massive civilian suffering, with widespread destruction of homes, hospitals, and infrastructure. By December 2016, rebel forces collapsed, and a negotiated evacuation ended the battle, returning the entire city to government control. Aleppo marked a turning point in the Syrian war, shifting momentum decisively in favor of the Assad government. It also highlighted the brutal realities of modern urban warfare, the impact of international proxy involvement, and the devastating human cost of prolonged conflict in densely populated cities.