What an MOU Actually Means in Diplomacy

When Iran denies signing a memorandum of understanding with the U.S., what does that actually mean? This episode unpacks the misunderstood but strategically vital diplomatic instrument. We explore why MOUs are used instead of treaties, how they create political commitments without legal obligations, and why the current Iran-U.S. negotiations through Pakistan are a masterclass in their tactical use. From the JCPOA to inter-agency government agreements, we break down the hierarchy of diplomatic instruments and why "creative ambiguity" is often the whole point.