This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedantam. Many scientists who study people end up saying some version of the following sentence. The human being is the only animal that has a sense of humor.
That can cooperate. That do radio shows. That regularly fashion and use tools. That have chins.
Psychologist Daniel Gilbert at Harvard University finishes the sentence this way. The human being is the only animal that thinks about the future. Every animal learns from trial and error. Human beings learn from experiences they've never even had.
They close their eyes and say, would I like liver and onion ice cream? Yuck. Would it be a good idea to put my finger on pencil sharpener? No.
But just because the humans have great imaginations, it doesn't mean we do a good job of predicting the future accurately. People aren't very good at looking into their future and predicting correctly their emotional reactions to the events that might unfold. We think a dentist appointment will be awful, and then it's not so bad. We think buying a new car will make us very happy, but it ends up being just nice.
We think losing a job is the worst thing that could happen to us, and then it becomes the best thing. The problem is, once our minds get to work imagining the future, we leave out lots of details, like the nice lady at the front desk of the dentist's office or the free toothbrush. This week on Hidden Brain, we confront how little we actually understand about what we want, and we try to figure out how we can make future versions of ourselves happier. It continues our annual summer series, U2.0.
Authenticity is contagious. I've been dragged into this all the way, kicking and screaming. Ideas and advice about how you can respond to life's chaos. Let's do it.
Just check to my inbox. Just check, just check, just check to my phone real quick. With wisdom. Ah, the fake scent of Factor 50.
It's time to go stuff here. It's not burnt. It's well done, apron. You're ready to tackle the garden.
And suddenly, it's the busiest room in the house. It's summer, and the go-play outside summer sale is now on at Home Value, with great value on barbecues, lawnmowers, garden furniture, and more, from now until June 4th, or while stocks last. With 88 stores nationwide, call into your local Home Value or shop online at HomeValue.ie. Home Value.
Trusted local experts. The bank holiday is finally here. Enjoy summer savers at Sentra with great offers. Like Sentra Fresh Air Strip Run State 2-pack, only 8-0.
Offer ends Sunday. Selected Pringles, 165-gram, 175 each. Plus Diet Coke and Coke Zero 12-compact. Only 6-0 each.
Plus deposit. Bank holiday value sorted. Sentra, live every day. Okay, Frank, back it up.
Keep coming. Go to room. Go to room. Frank just got himself a new Kia EV2.
He loves everything about the car. How it looks, how it drives, its class-leading range, and its highly impressive spec. Back, back, back, back, back, back, back. In fact, the only thing Frank can get used to is how much bigger it feels than it actually is.
Discovered EV2 for yourself at your nearest Kia dealer. Kia. Movement inspires. Daniel Gilbert is a psychology professor at Harvard University.
He's the author of the book, Stumbling on Happiness, and he's one of my favorite researchers in the world. Dan, welcome to Hidden Brain. Well, thank you. You're not my favorite radio host in the world.
Well, that was easy. I want to start by asking you a question that you and I talked about a while ago, Dan. Some years ago, you went through a series of very difficult personal experiences, but instead of leaving you brokenhearted as you might have anticipated, it left you with actually a very important insight into your own ability to predict your future emotional states. Can you tell me what happened?
Well, you know, my personal experiences were no worse than the average person's, in fact, better than most. But, you know, like everybody, I suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune. You know, we have divorces, we have surgeries, we have breakups with women we love and friends we enjoy. So it was sort of ordinary events that befell me all in one year.
And I realized that had you asked me a year earlier how I would be faring, the answer would have been, oh my gosh, I'll be devastated. But I wasn't devastated. It wasn't a good year, but it was okay. It made me wonder if I was the only person who was just too stupid to be able to look ahead into his future and figure out how he'd feel if really bad or maybe really good things happened.
So I went to the laboratory and teamed up with my friend Tim Wilson and we started studying this phenomenon and, you know, reassuringly, we found out we weren't the only stupid people out there. You've also found that painful decisions are often painful largely because we haven't made them yet. Once we actually make a decision, pick one of two alternatives, we often end up wondering how we could ever have dreamed of choosing the other choice. Well, surely that's true for all of us.
We agonize between two things that seem awfully close. We finally choose one. And in a small or medium amount of time, we look back and wonder how we could ever have been trying to decide between them. Why did we make that mistake of thinking the two alternatives were so close when in fact they were really far apart?
The answer is they weren't really close and they weren't really far apart. It's just a matter of how you look at it. And when you're on the front side of the decision, alternatives seem to be very close. But once you've chosen one, the mind gets going doing what the mind does so well, convincing you that the thing you've got is better than the thing you've left behind.
Now, if psychologists are trying to cure that, we call it rationalization. If we're trying to sell it, we call it coping. But whether you call it coping or rationalization, it's the same thing. It's the mind-finding realistic ways to see the world so that it feels better about the world in which it finds itself.
You once subscribed to the very popular belief that I think I still subscribe to, that more freedom always equals more happiness. And if I remember correctly, you conducted a study once that found that this wasn't quite right. And at the time, I think you told me that you'd been living with your girlfriend for more than a decade. And you saw the data and you decided to make some changes in your life.
You have a very good memory. So like many people, I used to believe that the more freedom, the better. How could you be less happy when you had more choice? Well, we know now a lot about why more choice sometimes makes people less happy.
In our study, we brought students in and we created a photography course and we had all of them work with us for a long time learning how to do black and white photography. Then at the end of the course, we gave them two photographs that they had taken and we said they could keep one and we were going to keep one. Well, this was horrible for them. They wanted to keep both.
They had a tough decision to make. In one group, we said, if you ever change your mind about which photograph you want, just let us know. We'll swap with you. We're going to keep this on file forever.
So if you took A and you want B, we'll swap B for A for as long as we oppose shall live. Another group was told, your decision is final. Once you make this decision, the photograph that you're donating to us gets sent off to England. It'll never be seen again.
And of course, if you presented those choices to me, I would say I would want to be in the first group because I would preserve my options. If I took a photograph home, I didn't like it, I could come back and trade it in for the one that I did like. Exactly. And that's not even just a good guess.
We actually did exactly that in another study. We asked people which group they wanted to be in and just like you, they overwhelmingly want to be in the first group. But what's interesting is we track the happiness of the people who have made these decisions over the course of several weeks. And what we found is that people who made an irrevocable decision, one they couldn't change, were much happier with the choice they made.
When you've made an irrevocable decision, you rationalize it. Once something's gone and gone forever, the mind gets to work figuring out why what it got is really better than what it lost. But when a decision isn't irrevocable, when you can remake it and revisit it that won't take it back, you look in the mirror and you say, gosh, that looks good. So you took this research and you applied it to your own life?
I did. I think my then girlfriend and I had been living together for about a decade. And once we saw the results of this experiment, a friend of mine, Dave Meyers, called and said, you know, I think this really explains the difference between living together and getting married, which had never occurred to me. I thought, you know, if you're a scientist and you don't live by your own results, what kind of scientist are you?
So yeah, I went home and proposed. And guess what? I was utterly right. I love her so much more now that we're married.
Now that I can't get out of this relationship no matter how fast I run. She is the love of my life. And I didn't realize that when I was always thinking, should I stay or shouldn't I stay? There's a lot to be said for making commitments.
So let's talk a little bit about why these errors often happen. One idea that you've explored is that when we imagine the future, we often fail to take into account all the little details that will actually make us happy or sad. Well, it's true. Every future event comprises thousands and thousands of details.
But when you ask people to imagine a future event, they usually imagine one or two of those details, the ones that are central, that define the episode. So if I say to you, imagine the next visit to the dentist, probably you get a picture in your head instantly of sitting in a chair and someone's fooling around in your mouth. Well, that is indeed a part of the experience you'll have. But you also have to park.
You're also going to be in the waiting room. They're going to be playing music. There will be magazines. The receptionist will be nice or not.
Afterwards, you will or won't have an appointment you need to rush to. There's lots of other parts of that experience that you're not imagining. And all of them can affect your happiness. Now, you can't imagine every detail.
That's not possible. But what you ought to do rationally is think to yourself, I'm only imagining one or two of the many pieces of the experience. And as a result, I should be very humble about my prediction. But nobody is.
Instead, they say, a dental visit? I'll hate it. One of the most interesting things you found in this kind of research is that it's not just that we don't imagine the event in the future in all its fullness and detail. We also don't fully appreciate that we might not quite be the same people we are then that we are now.
You know, I think that's even more powerful of the two errors. So you're quite right. One problem is that we don't imagine events correctly. We don't imagine them as they will unfold.
That's the smaller of the two problems. The larger problem is that we don't know who we will be when we are experiencing that event. We underestimate the mind's ability to react to events in a different way than it's reacting to them in prospect. You know, things look different from out the windshield and in the rearview mirror.
Life is like that, too. Almost every event you experience feels different once you've experienced it than you imagined it would have beforehand. That's the part of our psychology we don't seem very good at anticipating. Do I recall a study that you did recently which tracked people over the course of their lives and asked them how they imagined they would change in the future versus how they had changed in the past?
You are remembering correctly. We recently published a paper showing that when people are asked to predict how much they will change in the future, they underestimate it. Look, we all know 18-year-olds are crazy. They think they are who they are.
They're going to be that way forever. They have crazy hairstyles and tattoos that they believe they're going to want for the rest of their lives and old people like me snicker and go, you're going to see. Because 18-year-olds underestimate how different they're going to be when they're 28. And we showed this in our experiment by asking 18-year-olds to tell us how much they would change in the next 10 years and asking 28-year-olds to tell us how much they had changed in the last 10 years.
In a perfectly rational world, those numbers would be the same and they weren't. 18-year-olds thought they would change very little. 28-year-olds reported having changed a lot. But what's so interesting about the study is it's also true with 58-year-olds and 68-year-olds.
That is, 58-year-olds think, okay, I'm done, I'm cooked. It'll just be me, maybe a little flabbier, more wrinkles, but I'm the guy I'm going to be. 68-year-olds look back to the last 10 years and say, wow, have I changed? So what's really fascinating about this, Dan, is that no matter how many times we experience these errors in our lives and how many times we make the same mistakes, somehow we don't learn from them and we're left with the same confidence that we had before that now, this time, when I predict the future, I'm going to be right.
There are two kinds of errors. Sometimes you're driving someplace and you take the wrong route. The next time you always get it right. But then there are errors that are more like, oh, optical illusions.
You know, you see those two parallel lines on the page and you say, gosh, they don't look parallel to me and then you measure them and they are but then you stand back and they don't look that way so you measure them again but they are but they keep not looking that way. I think the kinds of errors we're talking about are a little bit more like optical illusions. You can't help but see the future in this deficient way. Time and time again, you will find your predictions were wrong and time and time again, you'll make the same predictions.
When we come back, I'm going to ask Dan how we can use insights from his research to help us make decisions that are more likely to make us happier in the future. Stay with us. If you're ready to sell, you're ready for Shopify. Turn your big business idea into sign up for your 1 euro per month trial at Shopify.ie.
Go to Shopify.ie. It's time to see what you can accomplish with Shopify by your side. Ah, the faint scent of Factor 50. It's time to dust off your it's not burnt, it's well done apron.
You're ready to tackle the garden and suddenly it's the busiest room in the house. It's summer and the go play outside summer sale is now on at home value with great value on barbecues, lawnmowers, garden furniture and more from now until June 4th or while stocks last. With 88 stores nationwide, call into your local home value or shop online at homevalue.ie. Home value.
Trusted local experts. The bank holiday is finally here. Enjoy summer savers at Centra with great offers. Like Centra fresh air strip going state 2 pack only 8 euro offer end Sunday.
Selected Pringles 165 gram 175 each plus diet coke and coke 012 compact only 6 euro each plus deposit. Bank holiday value sorted. Centra live every day. I asked Dan to tell me whether he's found ways to help people use their imaginations to make better decisions for their future selves.
We and many others have spent decades trying to figure out how can we make human imagination better. If when people look into the future they make mistakes what kind of training could we give them so they don't make these mistakes and I will give you the summary of 15 years of research. Predict your future we've discovered is not to close your eyes and use your imagination. There's a completely different way to figure out how you will feel and that is to ask people who are already in your future how they feel.
Almost anything you're imagining. Should I move to Hawaii? Should I become a trumpet player? I wonder if I should subscribe to the New York Times.
Would it be better to have a bagel or a biali? Almost any decision you're debating large or small many people have already made it and they've made it in both directions. There are people who are doing the things you're only imagining and it turns out that if you can simply measure their happiness you can get a pretty good guide about how happy you will be in the future. One of the experiments that we did that demonstrated this most simply is we created a speed dating clinic where young women came in and they had a speed date with a young man and they were offered one of two kinds of information.
Either they could learn all about the young man before they met him they could see his photograph learn his hobbies find out about his likes and his dislikes or they could learn none of that and they could get just one piece of information namely how much did the woman who already had a speed date with him enjoy it? Well it turns out first of all everybody wants the first kind of information. The women in our study all think they're going to make a much better prediction of how much they'll enjoy the date if they can just learn about the guy. But what we find is that they're much more accurate in predicting their own experience if they know nothing except another woman's experience.
This woman is in a sense a surrogate for their future selves and we call this method surrogation using other people's experience as a guide to your own. So there's a commercial application that basically is built on this idea it's called Yelp. Exactly right and there are a few domains in which we all know that we want to rely on other people's reviews if you will. Moody's and restaurants those are the two big domains.
Now why are we willing to rely on other people in these domains? Because we can't imagine for ourselves. I mean if I say how much do you think you'll enjoy the new restaurant you look at me and go how can I possibly close my eyes and imagine that? When we have no information about a future event we become surrogators.
We're willing to listen to other people. But if you offer folks even the smallest piece of information about a future event they will take that over all the Yelp reviews. So let me ask you you're going to decide whether to spend a lot of money to buy a movie. Would you rather see the trailer or would you rather read reviews?
If you're like most people you would throw out all the reviews by every critic and every Yelper in the world if you could just see the trailer because you trust your own judgment in some ways better than others. You feel if you could just taste 30 seconds, 60 seconds of the movie you'll know if it's the kind of movie you like but you won't. Other people's reviews are going to be great information about things like did the movie go on too long? Did the plot get predictable?
Did God come out of a machine in the end? All sorts of things you'll never get from a trailer. And yet if you offer people these two kinds of information the trailer every time. So would you suggest that we should actually have Yelp for everything?
That we should be rating our friends and spouses and children and professors all via the... Well, you know, as a professor, I do get rated already, so there is a review system for me. And, you know, at Harvard, we have a quaint tradition. It's called shopping week.
In the first week of school, all students come in and they visit classes. They don't choose their classes ahead of time. They visit them all to see 15 or 20 minutes of a lecture because they're convinced, and the administration is convinced, that they can tell from 20 minutes of someone's lecture whether they'll really enjoy and get a lot out of the class. What they're ignoring is a huge database of information from people who actually sat through the class for 15 weeks and have a whole lot to say about whether you'll enjoy it or not.
You can't convince a student to take a class that has great reviews if they didn't like the 10 minutes of the first lecture. The problem is something we call the illusion of diversity. We think we are utterly unique, that other people's experiences might tell us a little bit about ours, but not very much, because after all, we're so different than everybody. Well, nonsense.
You're not different than everybody. We're basically all the same. You know, if a Martian knew everything there was to know, everything there was to know about a single human being on Earth, that Martian would know 90% of what there is to know about everybody on Earth. I have to push back just a little bit because there's also been, I think, voluminous research conducted by maybe colleagues in the psychology department which finds that these reviews are also shot through with all kinds of biases.
So female professors, for example, get much worse reviews than male professors when they're just as good. I mean, isn't there a risk in essentially outsourcing your judgment to the crowd when the crowd actually is capable fully of having, you know, collective biases? Well, two things to say about this. First, if you share the biases of the reviewers, they will correctly predict how you will feel, even if it's unfair.
So let's say you just don't like old guys like me. Let's say there's a bias. Students can't stand to hear a guy in his 50s yammer and yammer. Well, that's not very fair.
That's ageist. That's wrong. On the other hand, when the students say I hated it, it's a pretty good guy for another 18-year-old who will probably hate it for all the same reasons. The second point I'd make is this.
I'm not saying that surrogation is a perfect way to make decisions. You know, Winston Churchill once said, democracy is the worst form of government except for the others. Well, surrogation is a terrible way to make predictions about your own future happiness, except for the other way to make predictions. You know, imagination is so utterly flawed that surrogation, even with all of its problems, turns out to be a better method than that.
Now, there's a third way to make them. I'm very open to hearing about it, but we've never discovered it. One other idea that you and others have found is that uncertainty can amplify the emotional potency of events, that happy surprises and unhappy surprises make a bigger impact on us than happy things that we know are going to happen and sad things that we know are going to happen. Why is this and how can we learn from it?
Well, there's no doubt that uncertainty can amplify emotions. So if I tell you something bad is about to happen, it's probably not going to be quite as bad as if it happens by surprise. And the same is true of good events. We've known that for decades, if not centuries, and that's not a particularly deep observation.
What we found really interesting is that even though this is true, people never want uncertainty. They eschew it. They pay good money not to have it. We did a study in which people watched a movie, and for some of the people in our experiment, we didn't let them watch how the movie ended.
We didn't let them see what happened to the main character. Now, if I asked you which of these two movies would you rather see, 100% of the hands go up and said, like to see the end of the movie, please. But what we discovered was people who didn't see the end of the movie liked it more, thought about it for longer, were still engaged in it and still enjoying it, even hours or days later. They didn't see what happened to the main character in the end, and so they kept wondering, gosh, I wonder if he went to college or he became a football player.
What an interesting thing to be thinking about and enjoying. So the point is that a little bit of uncertainty can make you very happy, but we never seem to want it. If flowers showed up on your doorstep tomorrow with no note, just said secret admirer, I bet you'd pay me a lot to find out who the secret admirer was, but I guarantee you no matter who it is, it's better off just having a secret admirer than knowing who sent the flowers. Do you actually try and actively build mystery into your own life when it comes to positive events?
I'm not telling. Dan, I want to thank you for talking with me today. This has really been fun. Sure, it's been fun for me too.
Thank you. This week's show was produced by Max Nestrack and edited by Jenny Schmidt. Our team includes Raina Cohen, Parth Shah, Thomas Liu, and Laura Querell. Our supervising producer is Tara Boyle.
This week's unsung hero is Audrey Holmgren. Audrey started listening to Hit and Brain earlier this year and was intrigued by our conversation with Nobel Prize winning economist Al Roth. The story inspired Audrey to learn more about becoming a kidney donor. She discovered she's a match for her friend Alex, who's been on the waiting list.
Surgery is on September 9th of this year, and I am so excited. I'm so happy to give an opportunity to someone else to get their life back on track. Audrey, your compassion and generosity make you an unsung hero, not just for our show, but for the universe. We'll be thinking of you and Alex on September 9th.
If you like this episode or any episode in our U2.0 series, please be sure to share it with a friend. I'm Shankar Bithantham, and this is NPR. Starting a business is tough. Shopify makes it easier.
Build a beautiful store, write with AI, and manage marketing, inventory, and shipping all in one place. Join millions who trust Shopify to launch and grow their business effortlessly. If you're ready to sell, you're ready for Shopify. Turn your big business idea into...
Sign up for your 1€ per month trial at Shopify.ie. Go to Shopify.ie. It's time to see what you can accomplish with Shopify by your side. Ah, the faint scent of Factor 50.
It's time to dust off your... It's not burnt. It's well done. Apron, you're ready to tackle the garden.
And suddenly, it's the busiest room in the house. It's summer. And the Go Play Outside Summer Sale is now on at Home Value. With great value on barbecues, lawnmowers, garden furniture, and more.
From now until June 4th or while stocks last. With 88 stores nationwide, come into your local Home Value or shop online at HomeValue.ie. Home Value. Trusted local experts.
Only Sky brings you Disney Plus. Let's go. Netflix. I should like great gossip.
HBO Max. How's that? Hey you, we're family. And Sky TV.
Oh, my goodness. In one subscription. Together like never before. For 28 euro a month for 12 months.
That's one epic TV lineup. Search Sky TV. New customers only. 12 month minimum term.
Requires Ultimate TV. For more info on TNC, see Sky.ie.